Diversity, Rationality, and the Diffusion of Online Populism: A Study of Chinese Social Media Discussions
Yu Su* & Tongtong Li**
References
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2025). “Patterns and trends of global social media censorship: Insights from 76 countries.” International Communication Gazette, 87(5), 401-426.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). “Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook.” Science,348(6239), 1130-1132.
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
Black, L. W., Welser, H. T., Cosley, D., & DeGroot, J. (2011). “Self-governance through group discussion in Wikipedia: Measuring deliberation in online groups.” Small Group Research, 42(5), 595–634.
Bobba, G., & Hubé, N. (Eds.). (2021). Populism and the Politicization of the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
Boukes, M. (2025). “Deliberation in online political talk: exploring interactivity, diversity, rationality, and incivility in the public spheres surrounding news vs. satire.” Journal of Communication, 75(2), 125-136.
Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ‘Difference’ in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks.” Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680-700.
Camaj, L. (2021). “Real time political deliberation on social media: can televised debates lead to rational and civil discussions on broadcasters’ Facebook pages?” Information, Communication & Society, 24(13), 1907-1924.
Chen, K., Chen, A., Zhang, J., Meng, J., & Shen, C. (2020). “Conspiracy and debunking narratives about COVID-19 origin on Chinese social media: How it started and who is to blame.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(8), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-76
Chen, K. A. (2023). “Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view "wolf warrior"diplomacy?”Global Media and China, 8(2), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364231171785
Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). “The echo chamber effect on social media.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). “The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere.” Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 615-633.
Dahlgren, P. (2005). “The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation.” Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162.
Delli Carpini, M. X., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). “Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630
Diakopoulos, N., & Naaman, M. (2011, March). “Towards quality discourse in online news comments.” In: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 133-142).
Dryzek, J. S. (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press.
Friess, D., & Eilders, C. (2015). “A systematic review of online deliberation research.” Policy & Internet, 7(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.95
Friess, D., Ziegele, M., & Heinbach, D. (2021). “Collective civic moderation for deliberation? Exploring the links between citizens’ organized engagement in comment sections and the deliberative quality of online discussions.” Political Communication, 38(5), 624–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1914063
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018). “Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 US presidential campaign.” European Research Council Working Paper.
Habermas, J. (1984). Reason and the Rationalization of Society (T. McCarthy, Trans., Vol. One).
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. MIT Press. (Original work published 1962)
He, K., Eldridge II, S., & Broersma, M. (2021). “Conceptualizing populism: A comparative study between China and liberal democratic countries.” International Journal of Communication, 15, 3006-3024.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025a). “Internet memes, populist campaigns: Nationalism, populism, and online visual protests in China.” Convergence, 31(1), 206-224.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025b). “The discursive logics of online populism: social media as a “pressure valve” of public debate in China.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 22(2), 151-166.
Heseltine, M., & Clemm von Hohenberg, B. (2024). “Large language models as a substitute for human experts in annotating political text.” Research & Politics, 11(1), 20531680241236239.
Janssen, D., & Kies, R. (2005). “Online forums and deliberative democracy.” Acta Politica, 40(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115
Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). “Bridge over the echo chamber? How cross-cutting interaction shapes political polarization on Facebook.” Social Media + Society, 5(4), 205630511986765.
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). “How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression.” American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014
Ma, L. (2015). “Leading schools of thought in contemporary China.” World Scientific.
Miao, Y. (2020). “Can China be populist? Grassroot populist narratives in the Chinese cyberspace.” Contemporary Politics, 26(3), 268-287.
Morey, A. C., Kleinman, S. B., & Boukes, M. (2018). “Political talk preferences: Selection of similar and different discussion partners and groups.” International Journal of Communication, 12, 359–379. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7381
Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Naab, T. K., Ruess, H. S., & Küchler, C. (2025). “The influence of the deliberative quality of user comments on the number and quality of their reply comments.” New Media & Society, 27(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221111564
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press.
Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. Oxford University Press.
Peng, A. Y. (2020). A feminist reading of China’s digital public sphere. Palgrave Pivot. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59969-0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
Rauchfleisch, A., & Kaiser, J. (2021). “The false positive problem of automatic hate speech detection in online discussions.” Policy & Internet, 13(1), 100-115.
Rauchfleisch, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2015). “Multiple public spheres of Weibo: A typology of forms and potentials of online public spheres in China.” Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 139-155.
Rowe, I. (2015). “Deliberation 2.0: Comparing the deliberative quality of online news user comments across platforms.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1093485
Schneider, F. (2018). China’s digital nationalism, Oxford University Press, pp.24-57.
Singer, J. B. (2009). “Separate spaces: Discourse about the 2007 Scottish elections on a national newspaper web site.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(4), 477-496.
Springer, N., & Pfaffinger, C. (2012, May). “Why users comment online news and why they don’t.” In: 62nd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix, AZ (pp. 24-28).
Stromer-Galley, J. (2007). “Measuring deliberation’s content: A coding scheme.” Journal of Public Deliberation, 3(1), Article 12.
Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton University Press.
Tao, Y., Zhan, Z., Zhou, H., Kang, J., & Sun, S. (2025). “Measuring Chinese online populist discourse: an automated semantic text analysis method.” Chinese Journal of Communication, 18(2), 121-141.
Törnberg, P. (2018). “Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion.” PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0203958.
Törnberg, P. (2024). “Large language models outperform expert coders and supervised classifiers at annotating political social media messages.” Social Science Computer Review, 08944393241286471.
Trenel, M. (2004). “Measuring deliberation. A Discourse Quality Index.” Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB).
Waisbord, S. (2018). “The Elective Affinities Between Populism and Communication.” Communication, Culture & Critique, 11(1), 17-34.
Wu, X., & Fitzgerald, R. (2021). “‘Hidden in plain sight’: Expressing political criticism on Chinese social media.” Discourse Studies, 23(3), 365-385.
Zhang, C. (2020). “Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online.” European Journal of International Relations, 26(1), 88-115.
Zhang, C. (2022). “Contested disaster nationalism in the digital age: Emotional registers and geopolitical imaginaries in COVID-19 narratives on Chinese social media.” Review of International Studies, 48(2), 219-242.
Zhang, Y., & Schroeder, R. (2024). “‘It’s all about us vs. them!’ Comparing Chinese populist discourses on Weibo and Twitter.” Social Media + Society, 10(1), Article 20563051241229659. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241229659
Zhu, M. (2024, January 16). “What is Zhihu? Our guide to China’s Q&A platform.” Nativex. https://www.nativex.com/en/blog/ what-is-zhihu-our-guide-to-chinas-qa-platform
Ziegele, M., Breiner, T., & Quiring, O. (2014). “What creates interactivity in online news discussions? An exploratory analysis of discussion factors in user comments on news items.” Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1111-1138.
Ziegele, M., Quiring, O., Esau, K., & Friess, D. (2020). “Linking news value theory with online deliberation: How news factors and illustration factors in news articles affect the deliberative quality of user discussions in SNS’comment sections.” Communication Research, 47(6), 860-890.
Ziegele, M., Weber, M., Quiring, O., & Breiner, T. (2018). “The dynamics of online news discussions: Effects of news articles and reader comments on users’ involvement, willingness to participate, and the civility of their contributions.” Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1419-1435.
Ziems, C., Held, W., Shaikh, O., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., & Yang, D. (2024). “Can large language models transform computational social science?” Computational Linguistics, 50(1), 237-291.
Diversity, Rationality, and the Diffusion of Online Populism: A Study of Chinese Social Media Discussions
Yu Su* & Tongtong Li**
References
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2025). “Patterns and trends of global social media censorship: Insights from 76 countries.” International Communication Gazette, 87(5), 401-426.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). “Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook.” Science,348(6239), 1130-1132.
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
Black, L. W., Welser, H. T., Cosley, D., & DeGroot, J. (2011). “Self-governance through group discussion in Wikipedia: Measuring deliberation in online groups.” Small Group Research, 42(5), 595–634.
Bobba, G., & Hubé, N. (Eds.). (2021). Populism and the Politicization of the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
Boukes, M. (2025). “Deliberation in online political talk: exploring interactivity, diversity, rationality, and incivility in the public spheres surrounding news vs. satire.” Journal of Communication, 75(2), 125-136.
Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ‘Difference’ in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks.” Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680-700.
Camaj, L. (2021). “Real time political deliberation on social media: can televised debates lead to rational and civil discussions on broadcasters’ Facebook pages?” Information, Communication & Society, 24(13), 1907-1924.
Chen, K., Chen, A., Zhang, J., Meng, J., & Shen, C. (2020). “Conspiracy and debunking narratives about COVID-19 origin on Chinese social media: How it started and who is to blame.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(8), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-76
Chen, K. A. (2023). “Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view "wolf warrior"diplomacy?”Global Media and China, 8(2), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364231171785
Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). “The echo chamber effect on social media.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). “The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere.” Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 615-633.
Dahlgren, P. (2005). “The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation.” Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162.
Delli Carpini, M. X., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). “Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630
Diakopoulos, N., & Naaman, M. (2011, March). “Towards quality discourse in online news comments.” In: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 133-142).
Dryzek, J. S. (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press.
Friess, D., & Eilders, C. (2015). “A systematic review of online deliberation research.” Policy & Internet, 7(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.95
Friess, D., Ziegele, M., & Heinbach, D. (2021). “Collective civic moderation for deliberation? Exploring the links between citizens’ organized engagement in comment sections and the deliberative quality of online discussions.” Political Communication, 38(5), 624–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1914063
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018). “Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 US presidential campaign.” European Research Council Working Paper.
Habermas, J. (1984). Reason and the Rationalization of Society (T. McCarthy, Trans., Vol. One).
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. MIT Press. (Original work published 1962)
He, K., Eldridge II, S., & Broersma, M. (2021). “Conceptualizing populism: A comparative study between China and liberal democratic countries.” International Journal of Communication, 15, 3006-3024.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025a). “Internet memes, populist campaigns: Nationalism, populism, and online visual protests in China.” Convergence, 31(1), 206-224.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025b). “The discursive logics of online populism: social media as a “pressure valve” of public debate in China.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 22(2), 151-166.
Heseltine, M., & Clemm von Hohenberg, B. (2024). “Large language models as a substitute for human experts in annotating political text.” Research & Politics, 11(1), 20531680241236239.
Janssen, D., & Kies, R. (2005). “Online forums and deliberative democracy.” Acta Politica, 40(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115
Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). “Bridge over the echo chamber? How cross-cutting interaction shapes political polarization on Facebook.” Social Media + Society, 5(4), 205630511986765.
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). “How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression.” American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014
Ma, L. (2015). “Leading schools of thought in contemporary China.” World Scientific.
Miao, Y. (2020). “Can China be populist? Grassroot populist narratives in the Chinese cyberspace.” Contemporary Politics, 26(3), 268-287.
Morey, A. C., Kleinman, S. B., & Boukes, M. (2018). “Political talk preferences: Selection of similar and different discussion partners and groups.” International Journal of Communication, 12, 359–379. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7381
Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Naab, T. K., Ruess, H. S., & Küchler, C. (2025). “The influence of the deliberative quality of user comments on the number and quality of their reply comments.” New Media & Society, 27(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221111564
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press.
Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. Oxford University Press.
Peng, A. Y. (2020). A feminist reading of China’s digital public sphere. Palgrave Pivot. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59969-0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
Rauchfleisch, A., & Kaiser, J. (2021). “The false positive problem of automatic hate speech detection in online discussions.” Policy & Internet, 13(1), 100-115.
Rauchfleisch, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2015). “Multiple public spheres of Weibo: A typology of forms and potentials of online public spheres in China.” Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 139-155.
Rowe, I. (2015). “Deliberation 2.0: Comparing the deliberative quality of online news user comments across platforms.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1093485
Schneider, F. (2018). China’s digital nationalism, Oxford University Press, pp.24-57.
Singer, J. B. (2009). “Separate spaces: Discourse about the 2007 Scottish elections on a national newspaper web site.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(4), 477-496.
Springer, N., & Pfaffinger, C. (2012, May). “Why users comment online news and why they don’t.” In: 62nd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix, AZ (pp. 24-28).
Stromer-Galley, J. (2007). “Measuring deliberation’s content: A coding scheme.” Journal of Public Deliberation, 3(1), Article 12.
Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton University Press.
Tao, Y., Zhan, Z., Zhou, H., Kang, J., & Sun, S. (2025). “Measuring Chinese online populist discourse: an automated semantic text analysis method.” Chinese Journal of Communication, 18(2), 121-141.
Törnberg, P. (2018). “Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion.” PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0203958.
Törnberg, P. (2024). “Large language models outperform expert coders and supervised classifiers at annotating political social media messages.” Social Science Computer Review, 08944393241286471.
Trenel, M. (2004). “Measuring deliberation. A Discourse Quality Index.” Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB).
Waisbord, S. (2018). “The Elective Affinities Between Populism and Communication.” Communication, Culture & Critique, 11(1), 17-34.
Wu, X., & Fitzgerald, R. (2021). “‘Hidden in plain sight’: Expressing political criticism on Chinese social media.” Discourse Studies, 23(3), 365-385.
Zhang, C. (2020). “Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online.” European Journal of International Relations, 26(1), 88-115.
Zhang, C. (2022). “Contested disaster nationalism in the digital age: Emotional registers and geopolitical imaginaries in COVID-19 narratives on Chinese social media.” Review of International Studies, 48(2), 219-242.
Zhang, Y., & Schroeder, R. (2024). “‘It’s all about us vs. them!’ Comparing Chinese populist discourses on Weibo and Twitter.” Social Media + Society, 10(1), Article 20563051241229659. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241229659
Zhu, M. (2024, January 16). “What is Zhihu? Our guide to China’s Q&A platform.” Nativex. https://www.nativex.com/en/blog/ what-is-zhihu-our-guide-to-chinas-qa-platform
Ziegele, M., Breiner, T., & Quiring, O. (2014). “What creates interactivity in online news discussions? An exploratory analysis of discussion factors in user comments on news items.” Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1111-1138.
Ziegele, M., Quiring, O., Esau, K., & Friess, D. (2020). “Linking news value theory with online deliberation: How news factors and illustration factors in news articles affect the deliberative quality of user discussions in SNS’comment sections.” Communication Research, 47(6), 860-890.
Ziegele, M., Weber, M., Quiring, O., & Breiner, T. (2018). “The dynamics of online news discussions: Effects of news articles and reader comments on users’ involvement, willingness to participate, and the civility of their contributions.” Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1419-1435.
Ziems, C., Held, W., Shaikh, O., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., & Yang, D. (2024). “Can large language models transform computational social science?” Computational Linguistics, 50(1), 237-291.
Diversity, Rationality, and the Diffusion of Online Populism: A Study of Chinese Social Media Discussions
Yu Su* & Tongtong Li**
References
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2025). “Patterns and trends of global social media censorship: Insights from 76 countries.” International Communication Gazette, 87(5), 401-426.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). “Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook.” Science,348(6239), 1130-1132.
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
Black, L. W., Welser, H. T., Cosley, D., & DeGroot, J. (2011). “Self-governance through group discussion in Wikipedia: Measuring deliberation in online groups.” Small Group Research, 42(5), 595–634.
Bobba, G., & Hubé, N. (Eds.). (2021). Populism and the Politicization of the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
Boukes, M. (2025). “Deliberation in online political talk: exploring interactivity, diversity, rationality, and incivility in the public spheres surrounding news vs. satire.” Journal of Communication, 75(2), 125-136.
Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ‘Difference’ in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks.” Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680-700.
Camaj, L. (2021). “Real time political deliberation on social media: can televised debates lead to rational and civil discussions on broadcasters’ Facebook pages?” Information, Communication & Society, 24(13), 1907-1924.
Chen, K., Chen, A., Zhang, J., Meng, J., & Shen, C. (2020). “Conspiracy and debunking narratives about COVID-19 origin on Chinese social media: How it started and who is to blame.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(8), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-76
Chen, K. A. (2023). “Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view "wolf warrior"diplomacy?”Global Media and China, 8(2), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364231171785
Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). “The echo chamber effect on social media.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). “The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere.” Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 615-633.
Dahlgren, P. (2005). “The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation.” Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162.
Delli Carpini, M. X., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). “Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630
Diakopoulos, N., & Naaman, M. (2011, March). “Towards quality discourse in online news comments.” In: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 133-142).
Dryzek, J. S. (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press.
Friess, D., & Eilders, C. (2015). “A systematic review of online deliberation research.” Policy & Internet, 7(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.95
Friess, D., Ziegele, M., & Heinbach, D. (2021). “Collective civic moderation for deliberation? Exploring the links between citizens’ organized engagement in comment sections and the deliberative quality of online discussions.” Political Communication, 38(5), 624–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1914063
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018). “Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 US presidential campaign.” European Research Council Working Paper.
Habermas, J. (1984). Reason and the Rationalization of Society (T. McCarthy, Trans., Vol. One).
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. MIT Press. (Original work published 1962)
He, K., Eldridge II, S., & Broersma, M. (2021). “Conceptualizing populism: A comparative study between China and liberal democratic countries.” International Journal of Communication, 15, 3006-3024.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025a). “Internet memes, populist campaigns: Nationalism, populism, and online visual protests in China.” Convergence, 31(1), 206-224.
He, K., Eldridge, S. A., & Broersma, M. (2025b). “The discursive logics of online populism: social media as a “pressure valve” of public debate in China.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 22(2), 151-166.
Heseltine, M., & Clemm von Hohenberg, B. (2024). “Large language models as a substitute for human experts in annotating political text.” Research & Politics, 11(1), 20531680241236239.
Janssen, D., & Kies, R. (2005). “Online forums and deliberative democracy.” Acta Politica, 40(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115
Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). “Bridge over the echo chamber? How cross-cutting interaction shapes political polarization on Facebook.” Social Media + Society, 5(4), 205630511986765.
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). “How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression.” American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014
Ma, L. (2015). “Leading schools of thought in contemporary China.” World Scientific.
Miao, Y. (2020). “Can China be populist? Grassroot populist narratives in the Chinese cyberspace.” Contemporary Politics, 26(3), 268-287.
Morey, A. C., Kleinman, S. B., & Boukes, M. (2018). “Political talk preferences: Selection of similar and different discussion partners and groups.” International Journal of Communication, 12, 359–379. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7381
Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Naab, T. K., Ruess, H. S., & Küchler, C. (2025). “The influence of the deliberative quality of user comments on the number and quality of their reply comments.” New Media & Society, 27(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221111564
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