Abstract
Full Text
The Use of Medical Populism to Claim the Right to Rule in Poland during a Public Health Emergency
Joanna Rak
References
Alagappa, Muthiah. 1995. “The Bases of Legitimacy.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa, 31–53. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Bill, Stanley, and Ben Stanley. 2020. “Whose Poland Is It to Be? PiS and the Struggle between Monism and Pluralism.” East European Politics 36(3): 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1787161.
Bowen, Glenn A. 2009. “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9(2): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2018. “Why Populism?.” In Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, eds Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert, and Bryan S. Turner, 27–46. London and New York: Routledge.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2020. “Populism and Nationalism.” Nations and Nationalism 26(1): 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12522.
De La Torre, Carlos, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019. “Do We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde’s Conceptualization.” Populism 2(1): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/25888072-02011021.
Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Robert A. Huber, and Esther Greussing. 2021. “From Populism to the “Plandemic”: Why Populists Believe in COVID-19 Conspiracies.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 31(1): 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924730.
Fischbacher-Smith, Denis. 2021. “Suppressing the Seeker of Truth in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Medical Populism, Radical Uncertainty, and the Assault on Expertise.” In The New Authoritarianism, ed. Alan Waring, 301–346. Verlag, Stuttgard: Ibidem.
Francia, Peter L. 2018. “Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election: The Unconventional Campaign of Donald Trump.” Social Science Computer Review 36(4): 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317730302.
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratisation 20(1): 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738860.
Hedges, Kristin, and Gideon Lasco. 2021. “Medical Populism and COVID-19 Testing.” Open Anthropological Research 1(1): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/opan-2020-0109.
Institute for Media Monitoring. 2020. “The Most Opinion-forming Media in 2020.” Available at https://www.imm.com.pl/najbardziej-opiniotworcze-media-w-polsce-2020-raport-roczny/.
Kozielski, Maciej. 2021. “‘Fakty’ przed ‘Wiadomościami’ w 2020 roku, widzów straciły ‘Wydarzenia’.” Available at https://www.press.pl/tresc/64474,_fakty_-przed-_wiadomosciami_-w-2020-roku_-widzow-stracily-_wydarzenia_.
Landman, Todd, and Luca Di Gennaro Splendore. 2020. “Pandemic Democracy: Elections and COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research 23(7–8): 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020a. “Challenging World Leaders amid Medical Populism.” The Lancet 396(10265): 1802–1803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32377-1.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020b. “Medical Populism and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Global Public Health 15(10): 1417–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581.
Lasco, Gideon, and Heidi J. Larson. 2020. “Medical Populism and Immunisation Programmes: Illustrative Examples and Consequences for Public Health.” Global Public Health 15(3): 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1680724.
Lasco, Gideon, and Nicole Curato. 2019. “Medical Populism.” Social Science & Medicine 221: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006.
Lasco, Gideon, and Vincen Gregory Yu. 2021. “Medical Populism and the Politics of Dengue Epidemics in the Global South.” Global Public Health, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1965181.
ODIHR. 2020. “ODIHR Special Election Assessment Mission, Republic of Poland, Presidential Election.” Available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/9/455728.pdf.
Pytlas, Bartek. 2021. “Party Organisation of PiS in Poland: Between Electoral Rhetoric and Absolutist Practice.” Politics and Governance 9(4): 340–353. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.4479.
Rak, Joanna, Roman Bäcker, and Przemysław Osiewicz. 2021. “The Right to Exercise Protest Under Threat? Between the Rise of Autocracy and Democratic Resilience in Crisis-Driven Poland.” Political Life 3: 5–10.
Rezmer-Płotka, Kamila. 2021. “Contentious Politics in Defense of Neo-Militant Democracy in Poland: The Rationale Behind Fighting a Quasi-Militant Democracy.” HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 2(1): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.27652.
Singer, Brian CJ. 2021. “Populism and the Separation of Power and Knowledge.” Thesis Eleven 164(1): 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513620983685.
Szuleka, Małgorzata, Marcin Wolny, and Marcin Szwed. 2016. The Constitutional Crisis in Poland (2015-2016). Warsaw: Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights.
Tannenberg, Marcus, Michael Bernhard, Johannes Gerschewski, Anna Lührmann, and Christian von Soest. 2021. “Claiming the Right to Rule: Regime Legitimation Strategies from 1900 to 2019.” European Political Science Review13(1): 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773920000363.
Thomson, Stephen, and Eric C. Ip. 2020. “COVID-19 Emergency Measures and the Impending Authoritarian Pandemic.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 7(1): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa064.
Tucak, Ivana, and Anita Blagojević. 2021. “COVID-19 Pandemic and the Protection of the Right to Abortion.” EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series 5: 853–877. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18355.
TVN 24. “Sondaż: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie aborcji popiera 13 procent pytanych.” Available at https://tvn24.pl/polska/aborcja-sondaz-kantar-czy-aborcja-powinna-byc-w-polsce-legalna-4734145.
TVP. 2020, March 6. “Krzysztof Ziemiec: dziś koktajl Mołotowa, jutro może przyjść ktoś z siekierą.” Available athttp://www.tvp.info/47003136/krzysztof-ziemiec-skomentowal-ostatni-atak-na-siedzibe-telewizji-polskiej-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, March 16. “KOD protestował mimo epidemii.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/47145758/protesty-kod-w-czasie-epidemii-miroslaw-suchon-ko-konstytucja-nie-obowiazuje-tylko-kiedy-jest-piekne-slonce-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, March 24. “Dodatkowe ograniczenia w przemieszczaniu się.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/47254028/nowe-ograniczenia-w-przemieszczaniu-sie-poznaj-szczegoly-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, May 3. “The First News: W walce z epidemią Polska wykonała lepszą robotę niż zamożniejsze kraje UE.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/47856178/the-first-news-w-walce-z-epidemia-polska-wykonala-lepsza-robote-niz-zamozniejsze-kraje-ue.
TVP. 2020, May 8. “37 osób zatrzymanych po demonstracji przed KPRM.” Available at http:// www.tvp.info/47941438/37-osob-zatrzymanych-po-demonstracji-przed-kprm.
TVP. 2020, May 16. “Mix wszystkich anty-wszystko.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/48081072/mix-wszystkich-antywszystko-nietypowy-sklad-strajku-przedsiebiorcow.
TVP. 2020, May 17. “Szef MSWiA o wczorajszych działaniach policji: Podstawowym jej zadaniem jest egzekwowanie prawa.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/48089664/mariusz-kaminski-podstawowym-jej-zadaniem-jest-egzekwowanie-prawa-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, May 27. “Tanajno: Frasyniuk kopał, lżył i pluł na policjantów, a sąd go uniewinnił.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/48246497/pawel-tanajno-lider-protestu-przedsiebiorcow-wladyslaw-frasyniuk-kopal-lzyl-i-plul-na-policjantow-a-sad-go-uniewinnil-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2021, January 29. “Facebooku, Twitterze – gdzie jesteście? Nie widzicie, co się dzieje?.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52035807/strajk-kobiet-wtargnal-na-teren-tk-interweniowala-policja.
TVP. 2021, March 8. “‘Strajk Kobiet’ zablokował rondo Czterdziestolatka w Warszawie.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52679009/strajk-kobiet-zablokowal-rondo-czterdziestolatka-w-warszawie-transmisja-na-zywo.
TVP. 2021, March 9. “Frekwencyjna klapa Strajku Kobiet. Niedługo Lempart będzie manifestować sama.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52695698/strajk-kobiet-mimo-8-marca-i-duzej-promocji-w-opozycyjnych-mediach-frekwencja-podczas-manifestacji-z-udzialem-marty-lempart-nie-dopisala.
TVP. 2021, April 22. “Imponujący wzrost wynagrodzeń Polaków. Ekspert ocenia trwałość trendu.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/53435033/swietne-dane-ws-polskiej-gospodarki-wysokie-wskazniki-gus-potwierdza-jak-dzielone-sa-pieniadze-z-tarczy-antykryzysowej.
TVP. 2021, May 5. “Kolejne partie zlekceważyły żądania Lempart. Liderka trafi na listy PO?” Available at https://www.tvp.info/53653072/marta-lempart-zlekcewazona-przez-lewice-psl-i-polske-2050-czy-liderka-strajku-kobiet-ma-szanse-na-wspolprace-z-platforma-obywatelska.
Uchwała Sądu Najwyższego. 2020. “Uchwała Sądu Najwyższego z dn. 3 sierpnia 2020 r.” https://pkw.gov.pl/uploaded_files/1596671416_uchwala-sadu-najwyzszego-z-dnia-3-sierpnia-2020-r.pdf.
von Soest, Christian, and Julia Grauvogel. 2015. How Do Non-democratic Regimes Claim Legitimacy? Comparative Insights from Post-Soviet Countries. Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies.
Żuk, Piotr, and Paweł Żuk. 2020. “Right-wing Populism in Poland and Anti-vaccine Myths on YouTube: Political and Cultural Threats to Public Health.” Global Public Health 15(6): 790–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1718733.
Abstract
Full Text
The Use of Medical Populism to Claim the Right to Rule in Poland during a Public Health Emergency
Joanna Rak
References
Alagappa, Muthiah. 1995. “The Bases of Legitimacy.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa, 31–53. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Bill, Stanley, and Ben Stanley. 2020. “Whose Poland Is It to Be? PiS and the Struggle between Monism and Pluralism.” East European Politics 36(3): 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1787161.
Bowen, Glenn A. 2009. “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9(2): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2018. “Why Populism?.” In Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, eds Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert, and Bryan S. Turner, 27–46. London and New York: Routledge.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2020. “Populism and Nationalism.” Nations and Nationalism 26(1): 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12522.
De La Torre, Carlos, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019. “Do We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde’s Conceptualization.” Populism 2(1): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/25888072-02011021.
Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Robert A. Huber, and Esther Greussing. 2021. “From Populism to the “Plandemic”: Why Populists Believe in COVID-19 Conspiracies.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 31(1): 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924730.
Fischbacher-Smith, Denis. 2021. “Suppressing the Seeker of Truth in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Medical Populism, Radical Uncertainty, and the Assault on Expertise.” In The New Authoritarianism, ed. Alan Waring, 301–346. Verlag, Stuttgard: Ibidem.
Francia, Peter L. 2018. “Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election: The Unconventional Campaign of Donald Trump.” Social Science Computer Review 36(4): 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317730302.
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratisation 20(1): 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738860.
Hedges, Kristin, and Gideon Lasco. 2021. “Medical Populism and COVID-19 Testing.” Open Anthropological Research 1(1): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/opan-2020-0109.
Institute for Media Monitoring. 2020. “The Most Opinion-forming Media in 2020.” Available at https://www.imm.com.pl/najbardziej-opiniotworcze-media-w-polsce-2020-raport-roczny/.
Kozielski, Maciej. 2021. “‘Fakty’ przed ‘Wiadomościami’ w 2020 roku, widzów straciły ‘Wydarzenia’.” Available at https://www.press.pl/tresc/64474,_fakty_-przed-_wiadomosciami_-w-2020-roku_-widzow-stracily-_wydarzenia_.
Landman, Todd, and Luca Di Gennaro Splendore. 2020. “Pandemic Democracy: Elections and COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research 23(7–8): 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020a. “Challenging World Leaders amid Medical Populism.” The Lancet 396(10265): 1802–1803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32377-1.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020b. “Medical Populism and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Global Public Health 15(10): 1417–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581.
Lasco, Gideon, and Heidi J. Larson. 2020. “Medical Populism and Immunisation Programmes: Illustrative Examples and Consequences for Public Health.” Global Public Health 15(3): 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1680724.
Lasco, Gideon, and Nicole Curato. 2019. “Medical Populism.” Social Science & Medicine 221: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006.
Lasco, Gideon, and Vincen Gregory Yu. 2021. “Medical Populism and the Politics of Dengue Epidemics in the Global South.” Global Public Health, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1965181.
ODIHR. 2020. “ODIHR Special Election Assessment Mission, Republic of Poland, Presidential Election.” Available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/9/455728.pdf.
Pytlas, Bartek. 2021. “Party Organisation of PiS in Poland: Between Electoral Rhetoric and Absolutist Practice.” Politics and Governance 9(4): 340–353. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.4479.
Rak, Joanna, Roman Bäcker, and Przemysław Osiewicz. 2021. “The Right to Exercise Protest Under Threat? Between the Rise of Autocracy and Democratic Resilience in Crisis-Driven Poland.” Political Life 3: 5–10.
Rezmer-Płotka, Kamila. 2021. “Contentious Politics in Defense of Neo-Militant Democracy in Poland: The Rationale Behind Fighting a Quasi-Militant Democracy.” HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 2(1): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.27652.
Singer, Brian CJ. 2021. “Populism and the Separation of Power and Knowledge.” Thesis Eleven 164(1): 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513620983685.
Szuleka, Małgorzata, Marcin Wolny, and Marcin Szwed. 2016. The Constitutional Crisis in Poland (2015-2016). Warsaw: Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights.
Tannenberg, Marcus, Michael Bernhard, Johannes Gerschewski, Anna Lührmann, and Christian von Soest. 2021. “Claiming the Right to Rule: Regime Legitimation Strategies from 1900 to 2019.” European Political Science Review13(1): 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773920000363.
Thomson, Stephen, and Eric C. Ip. 2020. “COVID-19 Emergency Measures and the Impending Authoritarian Pandemic.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 7(1): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa064.
Tucak, Ivana, and Anita Blagojević. 2021. “COVID-19 Pandemic and the Protection of the Right to Abortion.” EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series 5: 853–877. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18355.
TVN 24. “Sondaż: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie aborcji popiera 13 procent pytanych.” Available at https://tvn24.pl/polska/aborcja-sondaz-kantar-czy-aborcja-powinna-byc-w-polsce-legalna-4734145.
TVP. 2020, March 6. “Krzysztof Ziemiec: dziś koktajl Mołotowa, jutro może przyjść ktoś z siekierą.” Available athttp://www.tvp.info/47003136/krzysztof-ziemiec-skomentowal-ostatni-atak-na-siedzibe-telewizji-polskiej-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, March 16. “KOD protestował mimo epidemii.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/47145758/protesty-kod-w-czasie-epidemii-miroslaw-suchon-ko-konstytucja-nie-obowiazuje-tylko-kiedy-jest-piekne-slonce-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, March 24. “Dodatkowe ograniczenia w przemieszczaniu się.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/47254028/nowe-ograniczenia-w-przemieszczaniu-sie-poznaj-szczegoly-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, May 3. “The First News: W walce z epidemią Polska wykonała lepszą robotę niż zamożniejsze kraje UE.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/47856178/the-first-news-w-walce-z-epidemia-polska-wykonala-lepsza-robote-niz-zamozniejsze-kraje-ue.
TVP. 2020, May 8. “37 osób zatrzymanych po demonstracji przed KPRM.” Available at http:// www.tvp.info/47941438/37-osob-zatrzymanych-po-demonstracji-przed-kprm.
TVP. 2020, May 16. “Mix wszystkich anty-wszystko.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/48081072/mix-wszystkich-antywszystko-nietypowy-sklad-strajku-przedsiebiorcow.
TVP. 2020, May 17. “Szef MSWiA o wczorajszych działaniach policji: Podstawowym jej zadaniem jest egzekwowanie prawa.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/48089664/mariusz-kaminski-podstawowym-jej-zadaniem-jest-egzekwowanie-prawa-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2020, May 27. “Tanajno: Frasyniuk kopał, lżył i pluł na policjantów, a sąd go uniewinnił.” Available at http://www.tvp.info/48246497/pawel-tanajno-lider-protestu-przedsiebiorcow-wladyslaw-frasyniuk-kopal-lzyl-i-plul-na-policjantow-a-sad-go-uniewinnil-wieszwiecej.
TVP. 2021, January 29. “Facebooku, Twitterze – gdzie jesteście? Nie widzicie, co się dzieje?.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52035807/strajk-kobiet-wtargnal-na-teren-tk-interweniowala-policja.
TVP. 2021, March 8. “‘Strajk Kobiet’ zablokował rondo Czterdziestolatka w Warszawie.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52679009/strajk-kobiet-zablokowal-rondo-czterdziestolatka-w-warszawie-transmisja-na-zywo.
TVP. 2021, March 9. “Frekwencyjna klapa Strajku Kobiet. Niedługo Lempart będzie manifestować sama.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/52695698/strajk-kobiet-mimo-8-marca-i-duzej-promocji-w-opozycyjnych-mediach-frekwencja-podczas-manifestacji-z-udzialem-marty-lempart-nie-dopisala.
TVP. 2021, April 22. “Imponujący wzrost wynagrodzeń Polaków. Ekspert ocenia trwałość trendu.” Available at https://www.tvp.info/53435033/swietne-dane-ws-polskiej-gospodarki-wysokie-wskazniki-gus-potwierdza-jak-dzielone-sa-pieniadze-z-tarczy-antykryzysowej.
TVP. 2021, May 5. “Kolejne partie zlekceważyły żądania Lempart. Liderka trafi na listy PO?” Available at https://www.tvp.info/53653072/marta-lempart-zlekcewazona-przez-lewice-psl-i-polske-2050-czy-liderka-strajku-kobiet-ma-szanse-na-wspolprace-z-platforma-obywatelska.
Uchwała Sądu Najwyższego. 2020. “Uchwała Sądu Najwyższego z dn. 3 sierpnia 2020 r.” https://pkw.gov.pl/uploaded_files/1596671416_uchwala-sadu-najwyzszego-z-dnia-3-sierpnia-2020-r.pdf.
von Soest, Christian, and Julia Grauvogel. 2015. How Do Non-democratic Regimes Claim Legitimacy? Comparative Insights from Post-Soviet Countries. Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies.
Żuk, Piotr, and Paweł Żuk. 2020. “Right-wing Populism in Poland and Anti-vaccine Myths on YouTube: Political and Cultural Threats to Public Health.” Global Public Health 15(6): 790–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1718733.
Abstract
Full Text
The Use of Medical Populism to Claim the Right to Rule in Poland during a Public Health Emergency
Joanna Rak
References
Alagappa, Muthiah. 1995. “The Bases of Legitimacy.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa, 31–53. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Bill, Stanley, and Ben Stanley. 2020. “Whose Poland Is It to Be? PiS and the Struggle between Monism and Pluralism.” East European Politics 36(3): 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1787161.
Bowen, Glenn A. 2009. “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9(2): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2018. “Why Populism?.” In Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, eds Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert, and Bryan S. Turner, 27–46. London and New York: Routledge.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2020. “Populism and Nationalism.” Nations and Nationalism 26(1): 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12522.
De La Torre, Carlos, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019. “Do We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde’s Conceptualization.” Populism 2(1): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/25888072-02011021.
Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Robert A. Huber, and Esther Greussing. 2021. “From Populism to the “Plandemic”: Why Populists Believe in COVID-19 Conspiracies.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 31(1): 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924730.
Fischbacher-Smith, Denis. 2021. “Suppressing the Seeker of Truth in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Medical Populism, Radical Uncertainty, and the Assault on Expertise.” In The New Authoritarianism, ed. Alan Waring, 301–346. Verlag, Stuttgard: Ibidem.
Francia, Peter L. 2018. “Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election: The Unconventional Campaign of Donald Trump.” Social Science Computer Review 36(4): 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317730302.
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratisation 20(1): 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738860.
Hedges, Kristin, and Gideon Lasco. 2021. “Medical Populism and COVID-19 Testing.” Open Anthropological Research 1(1): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/opan-2020-0109.
Institute for Media Monitoring. 2020. “The Most Opinion-forming Media in 2020.” Available at https://www.imm.com.pl/najbardziej-opiniotworcze-media-w-polsce-2020-raport-roczny/.
Kozielski, Maciej. 2021. “‘Fakty’ przed ‘Wiadomościami’ w 2020 roku, widzów straciły ‘Wydarzenia’.” Available at https://www.press.pl/tresc/64474,_fakty_-przed-_wiadomosciami_-w-2020-roku_-widzow-stracily-_wydarzenia_.
Landman, Todd, and Luca Di Gennaro Splendore. 2020. “Pandemic Democracy: Elections and COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research 23(7–8): 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020a. “Challenging World Leaders amid Medical Populism.” The Lancet 396(10265): 1802–1803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32377-1.
Lasco, Gideon. 2020b. “Medical Populism and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Global Public Health 15(10): 1417–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581.
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