Abstract
Full Text
Time for a change: Replacing the populist model with elite theory
N. Scott Cole
In recent years, the concept of populism has been used to explain the actions of politicians around the globe, from Jair Bolsonaro to Boris Johnson. This presents a problem for scholars who are seeking to understand present-day political trends. Essentially, the populist school does not have a coherent definition of its subject matter, cannot accurately identify who should get this label, and is unable to correctly explain the behavior of those leaders who acquire the moniker. Since elite theory stands on stronger ground when it comes to these three dimensions, it should be used instead to evaluate the events and actors that are currently explored using the populist model. After providing evidence to support this argument, a concluding section proposes future research projects that can strengthen the claim that elite theory is a better way to understand politics.
References
Abts, K., & Van Kessel, S. (2015). Populism. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Elsevier.
Acemoglu, K. D., Egorov, G., & Sonin, K. (2013, May). A political theory of populism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 771-805.
Bale, T. (2019, December 2). Brexit shows how a tiny party can have big consequences. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/02/brexit-shows-how-tiny-party-can-have-big-consequences/
Barr, R. R. (2019). Populism as a political strategy. In Carlos de La Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
Best, H., & Higley, J. (2018). The Palgrave handbook of political elites: Introduction. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Brett, W. (2013, July-September). What’s an elite to do? The threat of populism from left, right, and centre. The Political Quarterly, 84(3), 410-413.
Cole, N. S. (2020, March). Closing the drain: Interest groups and the populist president. International Social Science Review, 96(1). https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1409&context=issr
Dahl, R. A. (1957, July). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201-215.
Dahl, R. A. (2005). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
De Graaff, N., & Van Apeldoorn, B. (2021, November). The transnationalist US foreign-policy elite in exile? A comparative network analysis of the Trump administration. Global Networks, 21(2), 238-264.
De la Torre, C., & Anselmi, M. (2019). Epilogue: Areas for future research. In C. de la Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
De Mesquita, B. B., & Smith, A. (2011). The Dictator’s handbook: Why bad behavior is almost always good politics. Public Affairs.
De Saint-Simon, H. C. (1825/1952). On social organization. In F. M. H. Markham (Ed.), Selected writings: Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825). Basil Blackwell.
Domhoff, G. W. (1983). Who rules America now? A view for the ‘80s. Simon & Schuster.
Drezner, D. W. (2017, Summer). The angry populist as a foreign policy leader: Real change or just hot air? Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 41(2), 23-43.
Duncan, C. (2021, October 16). French think Boris Johnson is a “populist incapable of keeping his word.” The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-brexit-france-eu-b1939594.html
Dye, T. R. (1976). Who’s running America? Institutional leadership in the United States. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Dye, T. R., & Zeigler, H. (2009). The irony of democracy: An uncommon introduction to American politics. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Ebenstein, W., & Ebenstein, A. O. (1990). Burke. In W. Ebenstein & A. O. Ebenstein (Eds.), Great political thinkers: Plato to the present (5th ed). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence and rebellion in an Appalachian valley. University of Illinois Press.
Goodwyn, L. (1976). Democratic promise: The populist moment in America. Oxford University Press.
Heinisch, R. C., Holtz-Bacha, C., & Mazzoleni, O. (Eds). (2017). Introduction. In Political populism: A handbook. Nomos.
Hellinger, D., & Judd, D. R. (1991). The democratic facade. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Hennessy, A. (1969). Latin America. In G. Ionescu & E. Gellner (Eds.), Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
Higley, J. (2010). Elite Theory. In G. T. K Kurian & J. E. Alt (Eds.), The encyclopedia of political science. CQ Press.
Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2018). Methods of elite identification. In H. Best & J. Higley, (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hofstadter, R. (1969). North America. In G. Ionescu & E. Gellner (Eds.), Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
Howell, W. G., & Moe, T. M. (2020). Presidents, populism, and the crisis of democracy. The University of Chicago Press.
Howell, W. G., & Moe, T. M. (2021, Spring). America’s crisis of democracy. Political Science Quarterly, 136(1), 105-127.
Hunter, F. (1953). Community power structure: A study of decision makers. The University of North Carolina Press.
Huntington, S. P. (1975). Chapter III. In M. Crozier, S. P. Huntington, & J. Watanuki (Eds.), The crisis of democracy: Report on the governability of democracies to the trilateral commission. New York University Press.
Ionescu, G., & Gellner, E. (Eds.). (1969). Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
James, P. (2004, February 5). The people versus the powerful. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/05/uselections2004.usa4
Judis, J. B. (2016). The populist explosion: How the great recession transformed American and European politics. Columbia Global Reports.
Kaltwasser, C. R., Taggart P., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: An overview of the concept and the state of the art. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Keller, F. B. (2018). Analyses of elite networks. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Verso.
Lai, K. K. R., & Parlapiano, A. (2016, December 15). Outsiders, insiders, and multimillionaires in Trump’s cabinet. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/05/us/politics/trump-cabinet-insiders-outsiders-millionaires.html
Lambert, L. (2019, January 9). Trump nominates acting EPA head, an ex-coal lobbyist, to run agency. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-epa/trump-nominates-acting-epa-head-an-ex-coal-lobbyist-to-run-agency-idUSKCN1P324H
Lasswell, H. D. (1936). Politics: Who gets what, when, and how. Whittlesey House.
Lasswell, H. D. (1952). The comparative study of elites: An introduction and bibliography. Stanford University Press.
Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A radical view (2nd. ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
Lynd, R. S., & Helen, M. L. (1937). Middletown in transition: A study in cultural conflicts. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848/1985). The communist manifesto. Penguin Books.
Michels, R. (1911/2009). Political Parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Transaction Publishers.
Mills, C. W. (1956/2000). The power elite (new ed.). Oxford University Press.
Mora, D. (2019, October 15). Update: We found a ‘staggering’ 281 lobbyists who’ve worked in the Trump administration. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/we-found-a-staggering-281-lobbyists-whove-worked-in-the-trump-administration
Morgan, A. C., LaBerge, N., Larremore, D. B., Galesic, M., & Clauset, A. (2021, March 22). Socioeconomic roots of academic faculty. SocArXiv Papers. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/6wjxc
Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard University Press.
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Muller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? University of Pennsylvania Press.
Oliver, J. E., & Rahn, W. M. (2016, September). Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 election. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 667(1), 189-206.
Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: A socio-cultural approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Palkuski, J. (2018). The development of elite theory. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Parenti, M. (2011). Democracy for the few (9th ed). Wadsworth.
Pareto, V. (1901/1968). The rise and fall of the elites: An application of theoretical sociology. The Bedminster Press.
Parmar, I. (2017, June).Elites and American power in an era of anti-elitism. International Politics 54(3). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-017-0036-x
Pengelly, M. (2018, March 29). Biden: I regret saying I’d ‘beat the hell’ out of Trump for making lewd remarks. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/29/joe-biden-donald-trump-beat-the-hell
Polsby, N. W. (1963). Community power and political theory. Yale University Press.
Protess, B. (2018, January 17). He leaked a photo of Rick Perry hugging a coal executive. Then he lost his job. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/business/rick-perry-energy-photographer.html
Putnam, R. D. (1976). The comparative study of political elites. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Rachman, G. (2020, May 25). Jair Bolsonaro’s populism is leading Brazil to disaster. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c39fadfe-9e60-11ea-b65d-489c67b0d85d
Reilly, K. (2016, September). Read Hillary Clinton’s ‘basket of deplorables’ remarks about Donald Trump supporters. Time. https://time.com/4486502/hillary-clinton-basket-of-deplorables-transcript/
Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Schattschneider, E. E. (1975). The semisovereign people: A realist’s view of democracy in America. The Dryden Press.
Schier, S. E., & Eberly, T. E. (2017). The Trump presidency: Outsider in the Oval Office. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (Kindle).
Schumpeter, J. A. (1962). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy (3rd ed.). Harper Torchbooks.
Shipman, A., Edmunds, J., & Turner, B. S. (2018). The new power elite: Inequality, politics, and greed. Anthem Press.
Simon, D. R. (2018). Elite Deviance (11th ed.). Routledge.
Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.
Trump, M. L. (2020). Too much and never enough: How my family created the world’s most dangerous man. Simon & Schuster.
Urbinati, N. (2018, November). Political theory of populism. Annual Review of Political Science, 22,111-127.
Watts, J. (2017, June 1). Operation car wash: Is this the biggest corruption scandal in history? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/brazil-operation-car-wash-is-this-the-biggest-corruption-scandal-in-history
Weyland, K. (2017). Populism: A political-strategic approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Zelnick, R. (2001, January 30). Why the new populism won’t go away. Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org/research/why-new-populism-wont-go-away
Abstract
Full Text
Time for a change: Replacing the populist model with elite theory
N. Scott Cole
In recent years, the concept of populism has been used to explain the actions of politicians around the globe, from Jair Bolsonaro to Boris Johnson. This presents a problem for scholars who are seeking to understand present-day political trends. Essentially, the populist school does not have a coherent definition of its subject matter, cannot accurately identify who should get this label, and is unable to correctly explain the behavior of those leaders who acquire the moniker. Since elite theory stands on stronger ground when it comes to these three dimensions, it should be used instead to evaluate the events and actors that are currently explored using the populist model. After providing evidence to support this argument, a concluding section proposes future research projects that can strengthen the claim that elite theory is a better way to understand politics.
References
Abts, K., & Van Kessel, S. (2015). Populism. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Elsevier.
Acemoglu, K. D., Egorov, G., & Sonin, K. (2013, May). A political theory of populism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 771-805.
Bale, T. (2019, December 2). Brexit shows how a tiny party can have big consequences. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/02/brexit-shows-how-tiny-party-can-have-big-consequences/
Barr, R. R. (2019). Populism as a political strategy. In Carlos de La Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
Best, H., & Higley, J. (2018). The Palgrave handbook of political elites: Introduction. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Brett, W. (2013, July-September). What’s an elite to do? The threat of populism from left, right, and centre. The Political Quarterly, 84(3), 410-413.
Cole, N. S. (2020, March). Closing the drain: Interest groups and the populist president. International Social Science Review, 96(1). https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1409&context=issr
Dahl, R. A. (1957, July). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201-215.
Dahl, R. A. (2005). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
De Graaff, N., & Van Apeldoorn, B. (2021, November). The transnationalist US foreign-policy elite in exile? A comparative network analysis of the Trump administration. Global Networks, 21(2), 238-264.
De la Torre, C., & Anselmi, M. (2019). Epilogue: Areas for future research. In C. de la Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
De Mesquita, B. B., & Smith, A. (2011). The Dictator’s handbook: Why bad behavior is almost always good politics. Public Affairs.
De Saint-Simon, H. C. (1825/1952). On social organization. In F. M. H. Markham (Ed.), Selected writings: Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825). Basil Blackwell.
Domhoff, G. W. (1983). Who rules America now? A view for the ‘80s. Simon & Schuster.
Drezner, D. W. (2017, Summer). The angry populist as a foreign policy leader: Real change or just hot air? Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 41(2), 23-43.
Duncan, C. (2021, October 16). French think Boris Johnson is a “populist incapable of keeping his word.” The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-brexit-france-eu-b1939594.html
Dye, T. R. (1976). Who’s running America? Institutional leadership in the United States. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Dye, T. R., & Zeigler, H. (2009). The irony of democracy: An uncommon introduction to American politics. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Ebenstein, W., & Ebenstein, A. O. (1990). Burke. In W. Ebenstein & A. O. Ebenstein (Eds.), Great political thinkers: Plato to the present (5th ed). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence and rebellion in an Appalachian valley. University of Illinois Press.
Goodwyn, L. (1976). Democratic promise: The populist moment in America. Oxford University Press.
Heinisch, R. C., Holtz-Bacha, C., & Mazzoleni, O. (Eds). (2017). Introduction. In Political populism: A handbook. Nomos.
Hellinger, D., & Judd, D. R. (1991). The democratic facade. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Hennessy, A. (1969). Latin America. In G. Ionescu & E. Gellner (Eds.), Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
Higley, J. (2010). Elite Theory. In G. T. K Kurian & J. E. Alt (Eds.), The encyclopedia of political science. CQ Press.
Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2018). Methods of elite identification. In H. Best & J. Higley, (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hofstadter, R. (1969). North America. In G. Ionescu & E. Gellner (Eds.), Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
Howell, W. G., & Moe, T. M. (2020). Presidents, populism, and the crisis of democracy. The University of Chicago Press.
Howell, W. G., & Moe, T. M. (2021, Spring). America’s crisis of democracy. Political Science Quarterly, 136(1), 105-127.
Hunter, F. (1953). Community power structure: A study of decision makers. The University of North Carolina Press.
Huntington, S. P. (1975). Chapter III. In M. Crozier, S. P. Huntington, & J. Watanuki (Eds.), The crisis of democracy: Report on the governability of democracies to the trilateral commission. New York University Press.
Ionescu, G., & Gellner, E. (Eds.). (1969). Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan Publishers.
James, P. (2004, February 5). The people versus the powerful. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/05/uselections2004.usa4
Judis, J. B. (2016). The populist explosion: How the great recession transformed American and European politics. Columbia Global Reports.
Kaltwasser, C. R., Taggart P., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: An overview of the concept and the state of the art. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Keller, F. B. (2018). Analyses of elite networks. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Verso.
Lai, K. K. R., & Parlapiano, A. (2016, December 15). Outsiders, insiders, and multimillionaires in Trump’s cabinet. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/05/us/politics/trump-cabinet-insiders-outsiders-millionaires.html
Lambert, L. (2019, January 9). Trump nominates acting EPA head, an ex-coal lobbyist, to run agency. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-epa/trump-nominates-acting-epa-head-an-ex-coal-lobbyist-to-run-agency-idUSKCN1P324H
Lasswell, H. D. (1936). Politics: Who gets what, when, and how. Whittlesey House.
Lasswell, H. D. (1952). The comparative study of elites: An introduction and bibliography. Stanford University Press.
Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A radical view (2nd. ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
Lynd, R. S., & Helen, M. L. (1937). Middletown in transition: A study in cultural conflicts. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848/1985). The communist manifesto. Penguin Books.
Michels, R. (1911/2009). Political Parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Transaction Publishers.
Mills, C. W. (1956/2000). The power elite (new ed.). Oxford University Press.
Mora, D. (2019, October 15). Update: We found a ‘staggering’ 281 lobbyists who’ve worked in the Trump administration. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/we-found-a-staggering-281-lobbyists-whove-worked-in-the-trump-administration
Morgan, A. C., LaBerge, N., Larremore, D. B., Galesic, M., & Clauset, A. (2021, March 22). Socioeconomic roots of academic faculty. SocArXiv Papers. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/6wjxc
Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard University Press.
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Muller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? University of Pennsylvania Press.
Oliver, J. E., & Rahn, W. M. (2016, September). Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 election. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 667(1), 189-206.
Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: A socio-cultural approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Palkuski, J. (2018). The development of elite theory. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Parenti, M. (2011). Democracy for the few (9th ed). Wadsworth.
Pareto, V. (1901/1968). The rise and fall of the elites: An application of theoretical sociology. The Bedminster Press.
Parmar, I. (2017, June).Elites and American power in an era of anti-elitism. International Politics 54(3). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-017-0036-x
Pengelly, M. (2018, March 29). Biden: I regret saying I’d ‘beat the hell’ out of Trump for making lewd remarks. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/29/joe-biden-donald-trump-beat-the-hell
Polsby, N. W. (1963). Community power and political theory. Yale University Press.
Protess, B. (2018, January 17). He leaked a photo of Rick Perry hugging a coal executive. Then he lost his job. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/business/rick-perry-energy-photographer.html
Putnam, R. D. (1976). The comparative study of political elites. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Rachman, G. (2020, May 25). Jair Bolsonaro’s populism is leading Brazil to disaster. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c39fadfe-9e60-11ea-b65d-489c67b0d85d
Reilly, K. (2016, September). Read Hillary Clinton’s ‘basket of deplorables’ remarks about Donald Trump supporters. Time. https://time.com/4486502/hillary-clinton-basket-of-deplorables-transcript/
Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Schattschneider, E. E. (1975). The semisovereign people: A realist’s view of democracy in America. The Dryden Press.
Schier, S. E., & Eberly, T. E. (2017). The Trump presidency: Outsider in the Oval Office. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (Kindle).
Schumpeter, J. A. (1962). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy (3rd ed.). Harper Torchbooks.
Shipman, A., Edmunds, J., & Turner, B. S. (2018). The new power elite: Inequality, politics, and greed. Anthem Press.
Simon, D. R. (2018). Elite Deviance (11th ed.). Routledge.
Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.
Trump, M. L. (2020). Too much and never enough: How my family created the world’s most dangerous man. Simon & Schuster.
Urbinati, N. (2018, November). Political theory of populism. Annual Review of Political Science, 22,111-127.
Watts, J. (2017, June 1). Operation car wash: Is this the biggest corruption scandal in history? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/brazil-operation-car-wash-is-this-the-biggest-corruption-scandal-in-history
Weyland, K. (2017). Populism: A political-strategic approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Zelnick, R. (2001, January 30). Why the new populism won’t go away. Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org/research/why-new-populism-wont-go-away
Abstract
Full Text
Time for a change: Replacing the populist model with elite theory
N. Scott Cole
In recent years, the concept of populism has been used to explain the actions of politicians around the globe, from Jair Bolsonaro to Boris Johnson. This presents a problem for scholars who are seeking to understand present-day political trends. Essentially, the populist school does not have a coherent definition of its subject matter, cannot accurately identify who should get this label, and is unable to correctly explain the behavior of those leaders who acquire the moniker. Since elite theory stands on stronger ground when it comes to these three dimensions, it should be used instead to evaluate the events and actors that are currently explored using the populist model. After providing evidence to support this argument, a concluding section proposes future research projects that can strengthen the claim that elite theory is a better way to understand politics.
References
Abts, K., & Van Kessel, S. (2015). Populism. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Elsevier.
Acemoglu, K. D., Egorov, G., & Sonin, K. (2013, May). A political theory of populism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 771-805.
Bale, T. (2019, December 2). Brexit shows how a tiny party can have big consequences. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/02/brexit-shows-how-tiny-party-can-have-big-consequences/
Barr, R. R. (2019). Populism as a political strategy. In Carlos de La Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
Best, H., & Higley, J. (2018). The Palgrave handbook of political elites: Introduction. In H. Best & J. Higley (Eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Palgrave Macmillan.
Brett, W. (2013, July-September). What’s an elite to do? The threat of populism from left, right, and centre. The Political Quarterly, 84(3), 410-413.
Cole, N. S. (2020, March). Closing the drain: Interest groups and the populist president. International Social Science Review, 96(1). https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1409&context=issr
Dahl, R. A. (1957, July). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201-215.
Dahl, R. A. (2005). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
De Graaff, N., & Van Apeldoorn, B. (2021, November). The transnationalist US foreign-policy elite in exile? A comparative network analysis of the Trump administration. Global Networks, 21(2), 238-264.
De la Torre, C., & Anselmi, M. (2019). Epilogue: Areas for future research. In C. de la Torre (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
De Mesquita, B. B., & Smith, A. (2011). The Dictator’s handbook: Why bad behavior is almost always good politics. Public Affairs.
De Saint-Simon, H. C. (1825/1952). On social organization. In F. M. H. Markham (Ed.), Selected writings: Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825). Basil Blackwell.
Domhoff, G. W. (1983). Who rules America now? A view for the ‘80s. Simon & Schuster.
Drezner, D. W. (2017, Summer). The angry populist as a foreign policy leader: Real change or just hot air? Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 41(2), 23-43.
Duncan, C. (2021, October 16). French think Boris Johnson is a “populist incapable of keeping his word.” The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-brexit-france-eu-b1939594.html
Dye, T. R. (1976). Who’s running America? Institutional leadership in the United States. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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