Toward a Three-Dimensional Understanding of Populism: Discourse, Ideology, and Democratic Mediation
Rafael Marchesan Tauil
References
Abromeit, J. (2017). “A critical review of recent literature on populism,” Politics and Governance, 5(4), pp. 177–186.
Adam, F. and Tomšič, M. (2019). “The future of populism in a comparative European and global context.” Comparative Sociology, 18(5–6), pp. 687–705.
Ahedo Rodríguez, U. (2023). “Populismo, un concepto y una palabra controvertida.” RIPS: Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas, 22(1).
Akkerman, T. (2003). “Populism and democracy: Challenge or pathology?” Acta politica, 38(2), 147-159
Barr, R.R. (2009). “Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics.” Party Politics, 15(1).
Batistella, A. (2020). “Reflexões acerca do conceito de populismo: da teoria clássica às contribuições de Ernesto Laclau.” Revista Tempo e Argumento, 12(29), pp. 1–22.
Batistella, A. (2012). “Um conceito em reflexão: o “populismo” e a sua operacionalidade.” Revista Latino-Americana de História, 1(3), pp. 468–484.
Becker, J. (2010). “The rise of right-wing populism in Hungary.” SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, pp. 29–40.
Berman, S. and Snegovaya, M. (2019). “Populism and the decline of social democracy.” Journal of Democracy, 30(3), pp. 5–19.
Betz, H.-G. (2002). “Conditions favouring the success and failure of radical right-wing populist parties in contemporary democracies.” In: Mény, Y. and Surel, Y. (eds.) Democracies and the populist challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Block, E. and Negrine, R. (2017). “The populist communication style: Toward a critical framework.” International Journal of Communication, 11.
Blokker, P. (2005). “Populist nationalism, anti-Europeanism, post-nationalism, and the East-West distinction.” German Law Journal, 6(2), pp. 371–389.
Bonikowski, B. and Gidron, N. (2016). “The populist style in American politics: Presidential campaign discourse, 1952–1996.” Social Forces, 94(4).
Bonikowski, B., & Gidron, N. (2016). Multiple traditions in populism research: Toward a theoretical synthesis. APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26(12), 7–14.
Bossetta, M. and Husted, E. (2017). “Introduction: Populism in the 21st century: Critical reflections on a global phenomenon.” Politik, 20(4).
Brubaker, R. (2017). “Why populism?” Theory and Society, 46(5).
Canovan, M. (2002). “Taking politics to the people: populism as the ideology of democracy.” In: Mény, Y. and Surel, Y. (eds.) Democracies and the populist challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cassimiro, P.H.P. (2021). “Os usos do conceito de populismo no debate contemporâneo e suas implicações sobre a interpretação da democracia.” Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Polít. (35)
Cox, M. (2018). “The rise of populism and the crisis of globalization: Brexit, Trump and beyond.” In: The Post-Cold War World, pp. 239–247.
Cunha, D. and Cassimiro, P.H.P. (2022). “O populismo como modelo de ‘democracia polarizada’: a teoria do populismo de Pierre Rosanvallon à luz do debate contemporâneo.” Sociologias, 24(59).
Curato, N. (2017). “Flirting with Authoritarian Fantasies? Rodrigo Duterte and the New Terms of Philippine Populism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(1), 142–153.
Da Silva, F.C. and Vieira, M.B. (2019). “Populism as a logic of political action.” European Journal of Social Theory, 22(4).
Dai, Y. & Kustov, A. (2022). “When do politicians use populist rhetoric? Populism as a campaign gamble.” Political Communication, 39(3), 383-404.
De Cleen, B. (2019). “The populist political logic and the analysis of the discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’.” In: Zienkowski, J. and Breeze, R. (eds.) Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
De la Torre, C. (2018). “Global populism: Histories, trajectories, problems, and challenges.” In: De la Torre, C. (ed.) Routledge handbook of global populism. London: Routledge, pp. 1–28.
Dean, J. and Maiguashca, B. (2020). “Did somebody say populism? Towards a renewal and reorientation of populism studies.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 25(1), pp. 11–27.
Eatwell, R. and Goodwin, M. (2018). National populism: The revolt against liberal democracy. London: Penguin Books.
Eberhardt, M. L. (2018). “Crisis de la democracia liberal republicana y populismo en Nicaragua.” Revista Debates latinoamericanos, Red Latinoamericana de Cooperación Universitaria – RLCU, p.1-12.
Elmgren, A. (2018). “The double-edged sword: the political appropriation of the concept of populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 23(3), 320-341.
Esen, B. & Gumuscu, S. (2023). “How Erdoğan's populism won again.” Journal of Democracy, 34(3), 21-32.
Finchelstein, F. (2019) “Populism without borders: Notes on global history.” Constellations, 26(3), pp. 418–429.
Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Freeden, M. (1998). “Is nationalism a distinct ideology?” Political Studies, 46(4), pp. 748–765.
Freeden, M. (2017). “After the Brexit referendum: Revisiting populism as an ideology.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 22.
Gherghina, S.; Mişcoiu, S., & Soare, S. (Eds.) (2013). Contemporary populism: a controversial concept and its diverse forms. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Greven, T. (2016). The rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the United States: A comparative perspective. Washington, DC: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
Grzymala-Busse, A.; Kuo, D.; Fukuyama, F. and McFaul, M. (2020). Global populisms and their challenges. Stanford: Stanford University (Report).
Hawkins, K. A.; Aguilar, R.; Castanho Silva, B.; Jenne, E. K.; Kocijan, B. and Rovira, Kaltwasser, C. (2019). “Measuring Populist Discourse: The Global Populism Database.” Paper presented at the 2019 EPSA Annual Conference in Belfast, UK, June 20-22.
Hirvonen, O. & Pennanen, J. (2019). “Populism as a pathological form of politics of recognition.” European Journal of Social Theory, 22(1), 27-44.
Howarth, D. and Stavrakakis, Y. (2000). “Introducing discourse theory and political analysis.” In: Howarth, D., Norval, A.J. and Stavrakakis, Y. (eds.) Discourse theory and political analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jenkins, D. (2025). “Understanding and evaluating populist strategy.” Philosophy & Social Criticism, 51(1), 77–97
Judis, J.B. (2016). “Rethinking populism.” Dissent, 63(4).
Junco, A. V. V. (2023). “El populismo del siglo XXI y el liderazgo hegemónico. Caso de estudio: Bolivia con Evo Morales.” Perspectivas en Inteligencia, 15(24), 275-301.
Kutay, A. (2024). “Populism, structural transformations, and crisis of representation.” The Journal of Diplomatic Research, 6(2), 1–22.
Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (1996). Emancipación y diferencia. Buenos Aires: Ariel.
Laclau, E. (1990). New reflections on the revolution of our time. London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (1987). Hegemonía y estrategia socialista. Madrid: Siglo XXI. [Orig. pub. 1985].
Laclau, E. (1985). “Tesis acerca de la forma hegemónica de la política.” In: Labastida Martín del Campo, J. (coord.) Hegemonía y alternativas políticas en América Latina (Seminario de Morelia). México: Siglo XXI. [Orig. pub. 1980].
Laclau, E. (1983a). “The impossibility of society.” Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 7.
Laclau, E. (1983b). “‘Socialism,’ ‘the people,’ ‘democracy’: The transformation of hegemonic logic.” Social Text, 3(1).
Laclau, E. (1980). “Populist rupture and discourse.” Screen Education, 34.
Laclau, E. (1977). Política e ideología en la teoría marxista: Capitalismo, fascismo, populismo. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Laclau, E. (1975). “The specificity of the political: Around the Poulantzas-Miliband debate.” Economy and Society, 5(1).
Meijers, M. J.; Huber, R. A. & Zaslove, A. (2025). “The anatomy of populist ideology: How political parties define ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’.” European Journal of Political Research, 64(4), 2161–2176.
Metz, R. (2026). “In the age of populist leaders: insights from ideational, strategic and discursive–performative perspectives.” International Journal of Public Leadership, 22(1), 34-49.
Milner, H.V. (2019). “Globalisation, populism and the decline of the welfare state.” Survival, 61(2), pp. 91–96.
Moffitt, B. (2017). “Populism in Australia and New Zealand.” In: Rovira Kaltwasser, C.; Taggart, P.; Ochoa Espejo, P. and Ostiguy, P. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121–139.
MOFFITT, Benjamin. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Moffitt, B. and Tormey, S. (2014). “Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatization and political style.” Political Studies, 62(2).
Mudde, C. (2017). “Populism: An ideational approach.” In: Rovira Kaltwasser, C.; Taggart, P.; Ochoa Espejo, P. and Ostiguy, P. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. (2013). “Populism.” In: Freeden, M. and Stears, M. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of political ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. (2004). “The populist zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition, 39(4), pp. 541–563.
Mudde, C. (2001). “In the name of the peasantry, the proletariat, and the people: Populisms in Eastern Europe.” East European Politics and Societies, 15(1).
Mudde, C. (1996). “The war of words: Defining the extreme right party family.” West European Politics.
Mudde, C. (1996a). “The paradox of the anti-party party: Insights from the extreme right.” Party Politics. 2(2)
Mudde, C. (1995). “Right-wing extremism analysed: A comparative analysis of the ideologies of three alleged right-wing extremist parties (NPD, NDP, CP’86).” European Journal of Political Research. Volume27, Issue2
Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2011). Voices of the people: Populism in Europe and Latin America compared. Kellogg Institute Working Paper.
Müller, J.-W. (2023). Cos’è il populismo? Milan: EGEA.
Norris, P. and Inglehart, R.F. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Noury, A. and Roland, G. (2020). “Identity politics and populism in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science, 23, pp. 421–439.
Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2021). “From chasing populists to deconstructing populism: A new multidimensional approach to understanding and comparing populism.” European Journal of Political Research, 60(3), 829–853.
Ostiguy, P. (2009). The high-low political divide: Rethinking populism and anti-populism. University of Notre Dame.
Oswald, M.; Schäfer, M. and Broda, E. (2022). “The new age of populism: Reapproaching a diffuse concept.” In: The Palgrave handbook of populism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3–27.
Oswald, M.; Schäfer, M. and Broda, E. (eds.) (2022). The Palgrave handbook of populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pankowski, R. (2010). The populist radical right in Poland: The patriots. London: Routledge.
Park, B. (2018). “Populism and Islamism in Turkey.” Turkish Studies, 19(2), pp. 169–175.
Retamozzo, M. (2017). “La teoría del populismo de Ernesto Laclau: una introducción.” Estudios Políticos, 41.
Roch, J. (2023). “A discursive approach to the populism–Euroscepticism nexus.” In: The populism–Euroscepticism nexus(pp. 49–87). Routledge
Rosanvallon, P. (2021). O século do populismo: Teoria, história, crítica. São Paulo: Ateliê de Humanidades Editorial.
Rosanvallon, P. (2015). Le bon gouvernement. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2011a). La société des égaux. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2011b). “Penser le populisme.” Le Monde.
Rosanvallon, P. (2008). La légitimité démocratique: Impartialité, réflexivité, proximité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2006). La contre-démocratie: La politique à l’âge de la défiance. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2000). La démocratie inachevée: Histoire de la souveraineté du peuple en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rosanvallon, P. (1998). Le peuple introuvable: Histoire de la représentation démocratique en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rosanvallon, P. (1992). Le sacre du citoyen: Histoire du suffrage universel en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rueda, D. (2021). “Is populism a political strategy? A critique of an enduring approach.” Political studies, 69(2), 167-184.
Sartori, G. (1970). “Concept misformation in comparative politics.” American Political Science Review, 64(4), pp. 1033–1053.
Stanley, B. (2008). “The thin ideology of populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), pp. 95–110.
Stavrakakis, Y. (2017). “How did ‘populism’ become a pejorative concept? And why is this important today? A genealogy of double hermeneutics.” Thessaloniki: POPULISMUS Working Papers, 6, 1-23.
Streeck, W. (2017). O retorno do recalcado: O começo do fim do capitalismo neoliberal. São Paulo: Piauí.
Streeck, W. (2013). Tempo comprado: A crise adiada do capitalismo democrático. Lisboa: Actual.
Taggart, P. (2002). “Populism and the pathology of representative politics.” In: Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 62-80). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Tauil, R.M. (2025). Populismo, democracia e tradição republicana: Francisco Weffort entre a teoria e a realpolitik. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial.
Tauil, R.M. (2018). “Da crítica do populismo à vida pública: Considerações acerca da trajetória intelectual de Francisco Weffort.” Perspectivas: Revista de Ciências Sociais, 51.
Turnbull, N.; Atkins, J. & Wilson, S. (2025). “Populist by a distance: A relational framework for unifying ideology, rhetoric, and leadership style in populism studies.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 30(3), 643-666.
Weyland, K. (2001). “Clarifying a contested concept.” Comparative Politics, 34, pp. 1–22.
Toward a Three-Dimensional Understanding of Populism: Discourse, Ideology, and Democratic Mediation
Rafael Marchesan Tauil
References
Abromeit, J. (2017). “A critical review of recent literature on populism,” Politics and Governance, 5(4), pp. 177–186.
Adam, F. and Tomšič, M. (2019). “The future of populism in a comparative European and global context.” Comparative Sociology, 18(5–6), pp. 687–705.
Ahedo Rodríguez, U. (2023). “Populismo, un concepto y una palabra controvertida.” RIPS: Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas, 22(1).
Akkerman, T. (2003). “Populism and democracy: Challenge or pathology?” Acta politica, 38(2), 147-159
Barr, R.R. (2009). “Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics.” Party Politics, 15(1).
Batistella, A. (2020). “Reflexões acerca do conceito de populismo: da teoria clássica às contribuições de Ernesto Laclau.” Revista Tempo e Argumento, 12(29), pp. 1–22.
Batistella, A. (2012). “Um conceito em reflexão: o “populismo” e a sua operacionalidade.” Revista Latino-Americana de História, 1(3), pp. 468–484.
Becker, J. (2010). “The rise of right-wing populism in Hungary.” SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, pp. 29–40.
Berman, S. and Snegovaya, M. (2019). “Populism and the decline of social democracy.” Journal of Democracy, 30(3), pp. 5–19.
Betz, H.-G. (2002). “Conditions favouring the success and failure of radical right-wing populist parties in contemporary democracies.” In: Mény, Y. and Surel, Y. (eds.) Democracies and the populist challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Block, E. and Negrine, R. (2017). “The populist communication style: Toward a critical framework.” International Journal of Communication, 11.
Blokker, P. (2005). “Populist nationalism, anti-Europeanism, post-nationalism, and the East-West distinction.” German Law Journal, 6(2), pp. 371–389.
Bonikowski, B. and Gidron, N. (2016). “The populist style in American politics: Presidential campaign discourse, 1952–1996.” Social Forces, 94(4).
Bonikowski, B., & Gidron, N. (2016). Multiple traditions in populism research: Toward a theoretical synthesis. APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26(12), 7–14.
Bossetta, M. and Husted, E. (2017). “Introduction: Populism in the 21st century: Critical reflections on a global phenomenon.” Politik, 20(4).
Brubaker, R. (2017). “Why populism?” Theory and Society, 46(5).
Canovan, M. (2002). “Taking politics to the people: populism as the ideology of democracy.” In: Mény, Y. and Surel, Y. (eds.) Democracies and the populist challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cassimiro, P.H.P. (2021). “Os usos do conceito de populismo no debate contemporâneo e suas implicações sobre a interpretação da democracia.” Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Polít. (35)
Cox, M. (2018). “The rise of populism and the crisis of globalization: Brexit, Trump and beyond.” In: The Post-Cold War World, pp. 239–247.
Cunha, D. and Cassimiro, P.H.P. (2022). “O populismo como modelo de ‘democracia polarizada’: a teoria do populismo de Pierre Rosanvallon à luz do debate contemporâneo.” Sociologias, 24(59).
Curato, N. (2017). “Flirting with Authoritarian Fantasies? Rodrigo Duterte and the New Terms of Philippine Populism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(1), 142–153.
Da Silva, F.C. and Vieira, M.B. (2019). “Populism as a logic of political action.” European Journal of Social Theory, 22(4).
Dai, Y. & Kustov, A. (2022). “When do politicians use populist rhetoric? Populism as a campaign gamble.” Political Communication, 39(3), 383-404.
De Cleen, B. (2019). “The populist political logic and the analysis of the discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’.” In: Zienkowski, J. and Breeze, R. (eds.) Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
De la Torre, C. (2018). “Global populism: Histories, trajectories, problems, and challenges.” In: De la Torre, C. (ed.) Routledge handbook of global populism. London: Routledge, pp. 1–28.
Dean, J. and Maiguashca, B. (2020). “Did somebody say populism? Towards a renewal and reorientation of populism studies.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 25(1), pp. 11–27.
Eatwell, R. and Goodwin, M. (2018). National populism: The revolt against liberal democracy. London: Penguin Books.
Eberhardt, M. L. (2018). “Crisis de la democracia liberal republicana y populismo en Nicaragua.” Revista Debates latinoamericanos, Red Latinoamericana de Cooperación Universitaria – RLCU, p.1-12.
Elmgren, A. (2018). “The double-edged sword: the political appropriation of the concept of populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 23(3), 320-341.
Esen, B. & Gumuscu, S. (2023). “How Erdoğan's populism won again.” Journal of Democracy, 34(3), 21-32.
Finchelstein, F. (2019) “Populism without borders: Notes on global history.” Constellations, 26(3), pp. 418–429.
Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Freeden, M. (1998). “Is nationalism a distinct ideology?” Political Studies, 46(4), pp. 748–765.
Freeden, M. (2017). “After the Brexit referendum: Revisiting populism as an ideology.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 22.
Gherghina, S.; Mişcoiu, S., & Soare, S. (Eds.) (2013). Contemporary populism: a controversial concept and its diverse forms. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Greven, T. (2016). The rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the United States: A comparative perspective. Washington, DC: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
Grzymala-Busse, A.; Kuo, D.; Fukuyama, F. and McFaul, M. (2020). Global populisms and their challenges. Stanford: Stanford University (Report).
Hawkins, K. A.; Aguilar, R.; Castanho Silva, B.; Jenne, E. K.; Kocijan, B. and Rovira, Kaltwasser, C. (2019). “Measuring Populist Discourse: The Global Populism Database.” Paper presented at the 2019 EPSA Annual Conference in Belfast, UK, June 20-22.
Hirvonen, O. & Pennanen, J. (2019). “Populism as a pathological form of politics of recognition.” European Journal of Social Theory, 22(1), 27-44.
Howarth, D. and Stavrakakis, Y. (2000). “Introducing discourse theory and political analysis.” In: Howarth, D., Norval, A.J. and Stavrakakis, Y. (eds.) Discourse theory and political analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jenkins, D. (2025). “Understanding and evaluating populist strategy.” Philosophy & Social Criticism, 51(1), 77–97
Judis, J.B. (2016). “Rethinking populism.” Dissent, 63(4).
Junco, A. V. V. (2023). “El populismo del siglo XXI y el liderazgo hegemónico. Caso de estudio: Bolivia con Evo Morales.” Perspectivas en Inteligencia, 15(24), 275-301.
Kutay, A. (2024). “Populism, structural transformations, and crisis of representation.” The Journal of Diplomatic Research, 6(2), 1–22.
Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (1996). Emancipación y diferencia. Buenos Aires: Ariel.
Laclau, E. (1990). New reflections on the revolution of our time. London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (1987). Hegemonía y estrategia socialista. Madrid: Siglo XXI. [Orig. pub. 1985].
Laclau, E. (1985). “Tesis acerca de la forma hegemónica de la política.” In: Labastida Martín del Campo, J. (coord.) Hegemonía y alternativas políticas en América Latina (Seminario de Morelia). México: Siglo XXI. [Orig. pub. 1980].
Laclau, E. (1983a). “The impossibility of society.” Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 7.
Laclau, E. (1983b). “‘Socialism,’ ‘the people,’ ‘democracy’: The transformation of hegemonic logic.” Social Text, 3(1).
Laclau, E. (1980). “Populist rupture and discourse.” Screen Education, 34.
Laclau, E. (1977). Política e ideología en la teoría marxista: Capitalismo, fascismo, populismo. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Laclau, E. (1975). “The specificity of the political: Around the Poulantzas-Miliband debate.” Economy and Society, 5(1).
Meijers, M. J.; Huber, R. A. & Zaslove, A. (2025). “The anatomy of populist ideology: How political parties define ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’.” European Journal of Political Research, 64(4), 2161–2176.
Metz, R. (2026). “In the age of populist leaders: insights from ideational, strategic and discursive–performative perspectives.” International Journal of Public Leadership, 22(1), 34-49.
Milner, H.V. (2019). “Globalisation, populism and the decline of the welfare state.” Survival, 61(2), pp. 91–96.
Moffitt, B. (2017). “Populism in Australia and New Zealand.” In: Rovira Kaltwasser, C.; Taggart, P.; Ochoa Espejo, P. and Ostiguy, P. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121–139.
MOFFITT, Benjamin. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Moffitt, B. and Tormey, S. (2014). “Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatization and political style.” Political Studies, 62(2).
Mudde, C. (2017). “Populism: An ideational approach.” In: Rovira Kaltwasser, C.; Taggart, P.; Ochoa Espejo, P. and Ostiguy, P. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. (2013). “Populism.” In: Freeden, M. and Stears, M. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of political ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. (2004). “The populist zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition, 39(4), pp. 541–563.
Mudde, C. (2001). “In the name of the peasantry, the proletariat, and the people: Populisms in Eastern Europe.” East European Politics and Societies, 15(1).
Mudde, C. (1996). “The war of words: Defining the extreme right party family.” West European Politics.
Mudde, C. (1996a). “The paradox of the anti-party party: Insights from the extreme right.” Party Politics. 2(2)
Mudde, C. (1995). “Right-wing extremism analysed: A comparative analysis of the ideologies of three alleged right-wing extremist parties (NPD, NDP, CP’86).” European Journal of Political Research. Volume27, Issue2
Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2011). Voices of the people: Populism in Europe and Latin America compared. Kellogg Institute Working Paper.
Müller, J.-W. (2023). Cos’è il populismo? Milan: EGEA.
Norris, P. and Inglehart, R.F. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Noury, A. and Roland, G. (2020). “Identity politics and populism in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science, 23, pp. 421–439.
Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2021). “From chasing populists to deconstructing populism: A new multidimensional approach to understanding and comparing populism.” European Journal of Political Research, 60(3), 829–853.
Ostiguy, P. (2009). The high-low political divide: Rethinking populism and anti-populism. University of Notre Dame.
Oswald, M.; Schäfer, M. and Broda, E. (2022). “The new age of populism: Reapproaching a diffuse concept.” In: The Palgrave handbook of populism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3–27.
Oswald, M.; Schäfer, M. and Broda, E. (eds.) (2022). The Palgrave handbook of populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pankowski, R. (2010). The populist radical right in Poland: The patriots. London: Routledge.
Park, B. (2018). “Populism and Islamism in Turkey.” Turkish Studies, 19(2), pp. 169–175.
Retamozzo, M. (2017). “La teoría del populismo de Ernesto Laclau: una introducción.” Estudios Políticos, 41.
Roch, J. (2023). “A discursive approach to the populism–Euroscepticism nexus.” In: The populism–Euroscepticism nexus(pp. 49–87). Routledge
Rosanvallon, P. (2021). O século do populismo: Teoria, história, crítica. São Paulo: Ateliê de Humanidades Editorial.
Rosanvallon, P. (2015). Le bon gouvernement. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2011a). La société des égaux. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2011b). “Penser le populisme.” Le Monde.
Rosanvallon, P. (2008). La légitimité démocratique: Impartialité, réflexivité, proximité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2006). La contre-démocratie: La politique à l’âge de la défiance. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Rosanvallon, P. (2000). La démocratie inachevée: Histoire de la souveraineté du peuple en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rosanvallon, P. (1998). Le peuple introuvable: Histoire de la représentation démocratique en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rosanvallon, P. (1992). Le sacre du citoyen: Histoire du suffrage universel en France. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Rueda, D. (2021). “Is populism a political strategy? A critique of an enduring approach.” Political studies, 69(2), 167-184.
Sartori, G. (1970). “Concept misformation in comparative politics.” American Political Science Review, 64(4), pp. 1033–1053.
Stanley, B. (2008). “The thin ideology of populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), pp. 95–110.
Stavrakakis, Y. (2017). “How did ‘populism’ become a pejorative concept? And why is this important today? A genealogy of double hermeneutics.” Thessaloniki: POPULISMUS Working Papers, 6, 1-23.
Streeck, W. (2017). O retorno do recalcado: O começo do fim do capitalismo neoliberal. São Paulo: Piauí.
Streeck, W. (2013). Tempo comprado: A crise adiada do capitalismo democrático. Lisboa: Actual.
Taggart, P. (2002). “Populism and the pathology of representative politics.” In: Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 62-80). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Tauil, R.M. (2025). Populismo, democracia e tradição republicana: Francisco Weffort entre a teoria e a realpolitik. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial.
Tauil, R.M. (2018). “Da crítica do populismo à vida pública: Considerações acerca da trajetória intelectual de Francisco Weffort.” Perspectivas: Revista de Ciências Sociais, 51.
Turnbull, N.; Atkins, J. & Wilson, S. (2025). “Populist by a distance: A relational framework for unifying ideology, rhetoric, and leadership style in populism studies.” Journal of Political Ideologies, 30(3), 643-666.
Weyland, K. (2001). “Clarifying a contested concept.” Comparative Politics, 34, pp. 1–22.