Abstract
Full Text
Unveiling China’s ‘Transnational Populism’ and Sharp Power Politics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative
Ibrahim Ozturk
References
Brombal, D. (2018). “Sustainability implications of the New Silk Road: Environmental and social planning.” In: C. A. Mendes (Ed.), China's New Silk Road: An emerging world order (pp. 51-66). Routledge.
Brubaker, R. (2017). “Why populism?” Theory and Society, 46 ( 5), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7
Caiani, M. & Graziano, P. (2022). “The three faces of populism in power: Polity, policies, and politics.” Government and Opposition, 57(4), 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.4
Cardenal, J. P., Kucharczyk, J., Mesežnikov, G., & Pleschová, G. (2017). Sharp power: Rising authoritarian influence. International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.), Network of Democracy Research Institutes.
Carmody, P., & Wainwright, J. (2022). “Contradiction and restructuring in the Belt and Road Initiative: Reflections on China’s pause in the ‘Go World’.” Third World Quarterly, 43(12), 2830–2851. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2110058
Carrai, M. A., Defraigne, J.-C., & Wouters, J. (2020). “The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance: By way of introduction.” In: M. A. Carrai, J.-C. Defraigne, & J. Wouters (Eds.), The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance (pp. 1-19). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chandran, N. (2019). “Fears of excessive debt drive more countries to cut down their Belt and Road investments.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/01/18/countries-are-reducing-belt-and-road-investments-over-financing-fears.html
China Power Team. (2017, May 8). “How is the Belt and Road Initiative advancing China’s interests?” China Power. Updated November 3, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative/
Chu, S. (2022). “Dissociation via Alternative Institutions: The Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and US-China Conflict.” Historical Social Research, 47(2), 109-137. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.47.2022.18
Chtayti, S. (2022). “China’s influence in Germany: Academia and media are the Achilles heel”.https://www.freiheit.org/chinas-influence-germany-academia-and-media-are-achilles-heel
De Cleen, B., Moffitt, B., Panayotu, P., & Stavrakakis, I. (2020). “The Potentials and Difficulties of Transnational Populism: The Case of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25).” Political Studies, 68(1), 146-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719847576
Gorokhovskaia, Y., & Grothe, C. (2024). Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf
Fulda, A. (2021). “German academic freedom has now been decided in Beijing.” Foreign Policy. October 18, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/28/germany-china-censorship-universities-confucius-institute/
Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2023). „Populist leaders and the economy.” American Economic Review, 113 (12), 3249–3288. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20202045
Grimmel, A., & Li, Y. (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative: A hybrid model of regionalism.” Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 122. In-East, University of Duisburg-Essen.
Hillman, J. E. (2020, May 8). “A ‘China model?’ Beijing’s promotion of alternative global norms and standards [Testimony before the U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission].” Center for Strategic and International Studies.https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-model-beijings-promotion-alternative-global-norms-and-standards
Himmer, M., & Rod, Z. (2022). “Chinese debt trap diplomacy: Reality or myth?” Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 18 (3), 250-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2023.2195280
Ho, B. T. E. (2021). China’s Political Worldview and Chinese Exceptionalism: International Order and Global Leadership. Amsterdam University Press.
Huang, Y., & Kurlantzick, J. (2020, June 25). “China’s approach to global governance.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/chinas-approach-to-global-governance/
Jessop, B. (2013a). “Dynamics of regionalism and globalism: A critical political economy perspective.” Ritsumeikan Social Science Review, 5, 3-24.
Jessop, B. (2013b). Cultural political economy, spatial imaginaries, regional economic dynamics (CPERC Working Paper 2012-02). Lancaster University.
Jones, L., & Hameiri, S. (2020). “Debunking the myth of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: How recipient countries shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Chatham House, Asia-Pacific Program.
Kim, S. (2023). “Towards an Antiwar Transnational Populism? An Analysis of the Construction of ‘the Russian People’ in Volodymyr Zelensky’s Wartime Speeches.” Government and Opposition, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.
Lohse Friedrich, K. (2019). China’s public diplomacy. VIM Group. https://www.communication-director.com/issues/seeing-colour-bringing-emotion-back-corporate-communications/chinas-public-diplomacy/
Mankikar, K. A. (2022, October). “China’s sharp power: Blunting the world’s edge or a moment of global awakening?” (ORF Issue Brief No. 585). Observer Research Foundation.
McDonell, S. (2018, March 12). “Xi forever?” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43361276
Millward, J. A. (2023). “Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties: Three Concepts to Justify Colonialism and Attack non-Sinitic Diversity in the People’s Republic of China.” Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep52286
Moffitt, B. (2017). “Transnational populism? Representative claims, media, and the difficulty of constructing a transnational ‘people’.” Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 24, 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330086.
Möller, K. (2021). “Transnational Populism in Context: The UN, the EU, and Beyond.” In: Blokker, P. (Eds.), Imagining Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81369-7_10
Nedopil Wang, C. (2024). “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023.” Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University (Brisbane) and Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University (Shanghai). https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/5140
Nord, M., Lundstedt, M., Altman, D., Angiolillo, F., Borella, C., Fernandes, T., Gastaldi, L., Good God, A., Natsika, N., & Lindberg, S. I. (2024). Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
OECD. (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative in the global trade, investment and finance landscape.” In: OECD Business and Finance Outlook 2018. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bus_fin_out-2018-6-en
Ozturk, I. (2020). “On the institutional quality of the Belt and Road Initiative as a hybrid international public good.” ASIEN, (154/155), 129–149.
Pinto, J. F. (2023). “Populist Sharp Power: How the World Entered in a New Cold War.” In: Akande, A. (Eds), Politics Between Nations. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24896-2_10
Schulhof, V., van Vuuren, D., & Kirchherr, J. (2022). „The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): What Will it Look Like in the Future?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121306
The Federal Government. (2023). Strategy on China of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2608580/49d50fecc479304c3da2e2079c55e106/china-strategie-en-data.pdf
United Nations. (2022). “China: UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination calls for probe into Xinjiang rights violations.” [Press release]. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/11/china-un-committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-calls-probe-xinjiang
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & China Development Bank. (2019, November 6). Harmonizing investment and financing standards. United Nations Development Program. https://www.undp.org/china/publications/harmonizing-investment-and-financing-standards
Walker, C. & Ludwig, J. (2017). From ‘Soft Power’ to ‘Sharp Power’: Rising Authoritarian Influence in the Democratic World. The International Forum for Democratic Studies at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf
Walker, C. & Ludwig, J. (2021). A full-spectrum response to sharp power: The vulnerabilities and strengths of open societies. The Sharp Power and Democratic Resilience Series. https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/A-Full-Spectrum-Response-to-Sharp-Power-The-Vulnerabilities-and-Strengths-of-Open-Societies-Walker-Ludwig-June-2021.pdf
Walker, C. (2018). “What Is ‘Sharp Power’?” Journal of Democracy, 29 (3), 9-23.
Wang, X., Chen, S., & Wang, Y. (2023). “The impact of corporate social responsibility on the speed of OFDI under the Belt and Road Initiative.” Sustainability, 15(11), 8712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118712
Weidenfeld, J. (2022). “Case study: Germany.” In: K. W. Chen et al. (Eds.), China's influence in Europe: Strategies towards a resilient and united EU. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. https://shop.freiheit.org/#!/Publikation/1259
Wojczewski, T. (2023). “International and Transnational Populism: Cross-Border Collaboration and Identity Construction.” In: The Inter- and Transnational Politics of Populism. Global Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16848-2_7
Abstract
Full Text
Unveiling China’s ‘Transnational Populism’ and Sharp Power Politics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative
Ibrahim Ozturk
References
Brombal, D. (2018). “Sustainability implications of the New Silk Road: Environmental and social planning.” In: C. A. Mendes (Ed.), China's New Silk Road: An emerging world order (pp. 51-66). Routledge.
Brubaker, R. (2017). “Why populism?” Theory and Society, 46 ( 5), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7
Caiani, M. & Graziano, P. (2022). “The three faces of populism in power: Polity, policies, and politics.” Government and Opposition, 57(4), 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.4
Cardenal, J. P., Kucharczyk, J., Mesežnikov, G., & Pleschová, G. (2017). Sharp power: Rising authoritarian influence. International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.), Network of Democracy Research Institutes.
Carmody, P., & Wainwright, J. (2022). “Contradiction and restructuring in the Belt and Road Initiative: Reflections on China’s pause in the ‘Go World’.” Third World Quarterly, 43(12), 2830–2851. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2110058
Carrai, M. A., Defraigne, J.-C., & Wouters, J. (2020). “The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance: By way of introduction.” In: M. A. Carrai, J.-C. Defraigne, & J. Wouters (Eds.), The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance (pp. 1-19). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chandran, N. (2019). “Fears of excessive debt drive more countries to cut down their Belt and Road investments.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/01/18/countries-are-reducing-belt-and-road-investments-over-financing-fears.html
China Power Team. (2017, May 8). “How is the Belt and Road Initiative advancing China’s interests?” China Power. Updated November 3, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative/
Chu, S. (2022). “Dissociation via Alternative Institutions: The Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and US-China Conflict.” Historical Social Research, 47(2), 109-137. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.47.2022.18
Chtayti, S. (2022). “China’s influence in Germany: Academia and media are the Achilles heel”.https://www.freiheit.org/chinas-influence-germany-academia-and-media-are-achilles-heel
De Cleen, B., Moffitt, B., Panayotu, P., & Stavrakakis, I. (2020). “The Potentials and Difficulties of Transnational Populism: The Case of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25).” Political Studies, 68(1), 146-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719847576
Gorokhovskaia, Y., & Grothe, C. (2024). Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf
Fulda, A. (2021). “German academic freedom has now been decided in Beijing.” Foreign Policy. October 18, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/28/germany-china-censorship-universities-confucius-institute/
Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2023). „Populist leaders and the economy.” American Economic Review, 113 (12), 3249–3288. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20202045
Grimmel, A., & Li, Y. (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative: A hybrid model of regionalism.” Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 122. In-East, University of Duisburg-Essen.
Hillman, J. E. (2020, May 8). “A ‘China model?’ Beijing’s promotion of alternative global norms and standards [Testimony before the U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission].” Center for Strategic and International Studies.https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-model-beijings-promotion-alternative-global-norms-and-standards
Himmer, M., & Rod, Z. (2022). “Chinese debt trap diplomacy: Reality or myth?” Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 18 (3), 250-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2023.2195280
Ho, B. T. E. (2021). China’s Political Worldview and Chinese Exceptionalism: International Order and Global Leadership. Amsterdam University Press.
Huang, Y., & Kurlantzick, J. (2020, June 25). “China’s approach to global governance.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/chinas-approach-to-global-governance/
Jessop, B. (2013a). “Dynamics of regionalism and globalism: A critical political economy perspective.” Ritsumeikan Social Science Review, 5, 3-24.
Jessop, B. (2013b). Cultural political economy, spatial imaginaries, regional economic dynamics (CPERC Working Paper 2012-02). Lancaster University.
Jones, L., & Hameiri, S. (2020). “Debunking the myth of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: How recipient countries shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Chatham House, Asia-Pacific Program.
Kim, S. (2023). “Towards an Antiwar Transnational Populism? An Analysis of the Construction of ‘the Russian People’ in Volodymyr Zelensky’s Wartime Speeches.” Government and Opposition, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.
Lohse Friedrich, K. (2019). China’s public diplomacy. VIM Group. https://www.communication-director.com/issues/seeing-colour-bringing-emotion-back-corporate-communications/chinas-public-diplomacy/
Mankikar, K. A. (2022, October). “China’s sharp power: Blunting the world’s edge or a moment of global awakening?” (ORF Issue Brief No. 585). Observer Research Foundation.
McDonell, S. (2018, March 12). “Xi forever?” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43361276
Millward, J. A. (2023). “Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties: Three Concepts to Justify Colonialism and Attack non-Sinitic Diversity in the People’s Republic of China.” Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep52286
Moffitt, B. (2017). “Transnational populism? Representative claims, media, and the difficulty of constructing a transnational ‘people’.” Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 24, 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330086.
Möller, K. (2021). “Transnational Populism in Context: The UN, the EU, and Beyond.” In: Blokker, P. (Eds.), Imagining Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81369-7_10
Nedopil Wang, C. (2024). “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023.” Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University (Brisbane) and Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University (Shanghai). https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/5140
Nord, M., Lundstedt, M., Altman, D., Angiolillo, F., Borella, C., Fernandes, T., Gastaldi, L., Good God, A., Natsika, N., & Lindberg, S. I. (2024). Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
OECD. (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative in the global trade, investment and finance landscape.” In: OECD Business and Finance Outlook 2018. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bus_fin_out-2018-6-en
Ozturk, I. (2020). “On the institutional quality of the Belt and Road Initiative as a hybrid international public good.” ASIEN, (154/155), 129–149.
Pinto, J. F. (2023). “Populist Sharp Power: How the World Entered in a New Cold War.” In: Akande, A. (Eds), Politics Between Nations. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24896-2_10
Schulhof, V., van Vuuren, D., & Kirchherr, J. (2022). „The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): What Will it Look Like in the Future?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121306
The Federal Government. (2023). Strategy on China of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2608580/49d50fecc479304c3da2e2079c55e106/china-strategie-en-data.pdf
United Nations. (2022). “China: UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination calls for probe into Xinjiang rights violations.” [Press release]. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/11/china-un-committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-calls-probe-xinjiang
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & China Development Bank. (2019, November 6). Harmonizing investment and financing standards. United Nations Development Program. https://www.undp.org/china/publications/harmonizing-investment-and-financing-standards
Walker, C. & Ludwig, J. (2017). From ‘Soft Power’ to ‘Sharp Power’: Rising Authoritarian Influence in the Democratic World. The International Forum for Democratic Studies at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf
Walker, C. & Ludwig, J. (2021). A full-spectrum response to sharp power: The vulnerabilities and strengths of open societies. The Sharp Power and Democratic Resilience Series. https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/A-Full-Spectrum-Response-to-Sharp-Power-The-Vulnerabilities-and-Strengths-of-Open-Societies-Walker-Ludwig-June-2021.pdf
Walker, C. (2018). “What Is ‘Sharp Power’?” Journal of Democracy, 29 (3), 9-23.
Wang, X., Chen, S., & Wang, Y. (2023). “The impact of corporate social responsibility on the speed of OFDI under the Belt and Road Initiative.” Sustainability, 15(11), 8712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118712
Weidenfeld, J. (2022). “Case study: Germany.” In: K. W. Chen et al. (Eds.), China's influence in Europe: Strategies towards a resilient and united EU. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. https://shop.freiheit.org/#!/Publikation/1259
Wojczewski, T. (2023). “International and Transnational Populism: Cross-Border Collaboration and Identity Construction.” In: The Inter- and Transnational Politics of Populism. Global Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16848-2_7
Abstract
Full Text
Unveiling China’s ‘Transnational Populism’ and Sharp Power Politics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative
Ibrahim Ozturk
References
Brombal, D. (2018). “Sustainability implications of the New Silk Road: Environmental and social planning.” In: C. A. Mendes (Ed.), China's New Silk Road: An emerging world order (pp. 51-66). Routledge.
Brubaker, R. (2017). “Why populism?” Theory and Society, 46 ( 5), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7
Caiani, M. & Graziano, P. (2022). “The three faces of populism in power: Polity, policies, and politics.” Government and Opposition, 57(4), 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.4
Cardenal, J. P., Kucharczyk, J., Mesežnikov, G., & Pleschová, G. (2017). Sharp power: Rising authoritarian influence. International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.), Network of Democracy Research Institutes.
Carmody, P., & Wainwright, J. (2022). “Contradiction and restructuring in the Belt and Road Initiative: Reflections on China’s pause in the ‘Go World’.” Third World Quarterly, 43(12), 2830–2851. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2110058
Carrai, M. A., Defraigne, J.-C., & Wouters, J. (2020). “The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance: By way of introduction.” In: M. A. Carrai, J.-C. Defraigne, & J. Wouters (Eds.), The Belt and Road Initiative and global governance (pp. 1-19). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chandran, N. (2019). “Fears of excessive debt drive more countries to cut down their Belt and Road investments.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/01/18/countries-are-reducing-belt-and-road-investments-over-financing-fears.html
China Power Team. (2017, May 8). “How is the Belt and Road Initiative advancing China’s interests?” China Power. Updated November 3, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative/
Chu, S. (2022). “Dissociation via Alternative Institutions: The Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and US-China Conflict.” Historical Social Research, 47(2), 109-137. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.47.2022.18
Chtayti, S. (2022). “China’s influence in Germany: Academia and media are the Achilles heel”.https://www.freiheit.org/chinas-influence-germany-academia-and-media-are-achilles-heel
De Cleen, B., Moffitt, B., Panayotu, P., & Stavrakakis, I. (2020). “The Potentials and Difficulties of Transnational Populism: The Case of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25).” Political Studies, 68(1), 146-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719847576
Gorokhovskaia, Y., & Grothe, C. (2024). Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf
Fulda, A. (2021). “German academic freedom has now been decided in Beijing.” Foreign Policy. October 18, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/28/germany-china-censorship-universities-confucius-institute/
Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2023). „Populist leaders and the economy.” American Economic Review, 113 (12), 3249–3288. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20202045
Grimmel, A., & Li, Y. (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative: A hybrid model of regionalism.” Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 122. In-East, University of Duisburg-Essen.
Hillman, J. E. (2020, May 8). “A ‘China model?’ Beijing’s promotion of alternative global norms and standards [Testimony before the U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission].” Center for Strategic and International Studies.https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-model-beijings-promotion-alternative-global-norms-and-standards
Himmer, M., & Rod, Z. (2022). “Chinese debt trap diplomacy: Reality or myth?” Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 18 (3), 250-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2023.2195280
Ho, B. T. E. (2021). China’s Political Worldview and Chinese Exceptionalism: International Order and Global Leadership. Amsterdam University Press.
Huang, Y., & Kurlantzick, J. (2020, June 25). “China’s approach to global governance.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/chinas-approach-to-global-governance/
Jessop, B. (2013a). “Dynamics of regionalism and globalism: A critical political economy perspective.” Ritsumeikan Social Science Review, 5, 3-24.
Jessop, B. (2013b). Cultural political economy, spatial imaginaries, regional economic dynamics (CPERC Working Paper 2012-02). Lancaster University.
Jones, L., & Hameiri, S. (2020). “Debunking the myth of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: How recipient countries shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Chatham House, Asia-Pacific Program.
Kim, S. (2023). “Towards an Antiwar Transnational Populism? An Analysis of the Construction of ‘the Russian People’ in Volodymyr Zelensky’s Wartime Speeches.” Government and Opposition, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.
Lohse Friedrich, K. (2019). China’s public diplomacy. VIM Group. https://www.communication-director.com/issues/seeing-colour-bringing-emotion-back-corporate-communications/chinas-public-diplomacy/
Mankikar, K. A. (2022, October). “China’s sharp power: Blunting the world’s edge or a moment of global awakening?” (ORF Issue Brief No. 585). Observer Research Foundation.
McDonell, S. (2018, March 12). “Xi forever?” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43361276
Millward, J. A. (2023). “Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties: Three Concepts to Justify Colonialism and Attack non-Sinitic Diversity in the People’s Republic of China.” Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep52286
Moffitt, B. (2017). “Transnational populism? Representative claims, media, and the difficulty of constructing a transnational ‘people’.” Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 24, 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330086.
Möller, K. (2021). “Transnational Populism in Context: The UN, the EU, and Beyond.” In: Blokker, P. (Eds.), Imagining Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81369-7_10
Nedopil Wang, C. (2024). “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023.” Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University (Brisbane) and Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University (Shanghai). https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/5140
Nord, M., Lundstedt, M., Altman, D., Angiolillo, F., Borella, C., Fernandes, T., Gastaldi, L., Good God, A., Natsika, N., & Lindberg, S. I. (2024). Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
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