Abstract
Full Text
What’s under green? Eco-populism and eco-fascism in the climate crisis
Escobar Fernández, Iván & Hart, Heidi.
The ongoing environmental crisis has prompted various groups, organizations, and political parties to develop new strategies for addressing this global challenge. In this context, eco-populist actors, organizations, and parties are playing a key role in challenging the current exploitative capitalist system. However, it is important to note that eco-populist movements can differ significantly from one another. This article aims to distinguish between two contemporary but distinct movements: eco-populism and eco-fascism. To accomplish this, the terms “populism” and “eco-populism” will be conceptualized and analyzed, and the ideological deviations that eco-populism has undergone will be explained. The article will then provide brief case studies that showcase both eco-populist and eco-fascist events. By examining these examples, we will strive to identify the main similarities and differences between these two movements. Our conclusion will be that, despite sharing some features, eco-fascist movements tend to be more violent and nativist than eco-populist movements.
References
Babbitt, B., 1982. Federalism and the Environment: An Intergovernmental Perspective of the Sagebrush Rebellion. Environmental Law 12, 847–862.
Beam, A., 2016. Oregon Standoff has Roots in Mormon Fanaticism. The Boston Globe.
Beeson, M., 2010. The coming of environmental authoritarianism. Environmental Politics 19, 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010903576918
Bell, K., 2016. Thanks to Ammon Bundy, 2-16 is Already a Banner Year for White Supremacy. Vanity Fair.
Boukala, S., Tountasaki, E., 2020. From black to green: Analysing Le Front National’s “patriotic ecology,” in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 72–88. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-5
Brick, P., 1995. Determined opposition: The Wise Use Movement challenges environmentalism. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 37, 17–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1995.9930953
Brünker, F., Deitelhoff, F., Mirbabaie, M., 2019. Collective Identity Formation on Instagram – Investigating the Social Movement Fridays for Future. Presented at the Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Perth Western Australia, pp. 304–310.
Clayton, R.D., 1980. The Sagebrush Rebellion: Who Should control the public Lands. Utah Law Review 1980, 505–534.
Crothers, C., O’Brien, T., 2020. The Contexts of the Christchurch terror attacks: social science perspectives. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 15, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1746364
de Moor, J., Uba, K., Wahlström, M., Wennerhag, M., De Vydt, M., 2020. Protest for a future II: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 20-27 September, 2019, in 19 cities around the world. Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development.
Del Bene, D., Scheidel, A., Temper, L., 2018. More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge. Sustainability Science 13, 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1
Dreher, T., 2020. Racism and media: a response from Australia during the global pandemic. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, 2363–2371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1784452
Dyett, J., Thomas, C., 2019. Overpopulation Discourse: Patriarchy, Racism, and the Specter of Ecofascism. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341514
Figueres, C., Schellnhuber, H.J., Whiteman, G., Rockström, J., Hobley, A., Rahmstorf, S., 2017. Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature 546, 593–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/546593a
Forchtner, B., Kølvraa, C., 2015. The Nature of Nationalism: Populist Radical Right Parties on Countryside and Climate. Nature and Culture 10, 199–224. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100204
Gallaher, C., 2016. Placing the Militia Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon. An International Journal for Critical Geographies 15, 293–308.
Griggs, S., Howarth, D., 2008. Populism, Localism and Environmental Politics: the Logic and Rhetoric of the Stop Stansted Expansion campaign. Planning Theory 7, 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208090431
Haggerty, J.H., 2007. ‘“I’m not a greenie but…”’: Environmentality, eco-populism and governance in New Zealand Experiences from the Southland whitebait fishery. Journal of Rural Studies 23, 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.11.002
Hughes, B., Jones, D., Amarasingam, A., 2022. Ecofascism: An Examination of the Far-Right/Ecology Nexus in the Online Space. Terrorism and Political Violence 34, 997–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2069932
Hungerford, A., 1995. Custom and culture ordinances: not wise move for the wise use movement. Tulane Environmental Law Journal 8, 457–504.
IPCC, 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Irons, C., 2018. The Patriarch and the Sovereign: The Malheur Occupations and the Hyper-Masculine Drive for Control. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 51, 479–522.
Judis, J., 2016. All the Rage. The New Republic.
Kaltwasser, C.R., 2018. How to define populism? Reflections on a contested concept and its (mis)use in the social sciences, in: Fitzi, Mackert, and Turner (Eds.) Populism and the Crisis of Democracy. Routledge, pp. 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.34
Laclau, E., 2005. On Populist Reason, First. ed. Verso, London.
León, M., 2016. Indigenous Resistance to the Agua Zarca Dam in Honduras: Hydropower Funding of State-Sponsored Repression and the Limits of International Human Rights Jurisprudence. Inter-American and European Human Rights Journal 9, 517–538.
Leshy, J.D., 1980. Unravelling the Sagebrush Rebellion: Law, Politics and Federal Lands. Davis Law Review 317.
Macklin, G., Bjørgo, T., 2021. Breivik’s Long Shadow? The Impact of the July 22, 2011 Attacks on the Modus Operandi of Extreme-right Lone Actor Terrorists. Perspectives on Terrorism 15, 14–36.
McCarthy, J., 2002. First World political ecology: lessons from the Wise Use movement. Environment and Planning 34, 1281–1303. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3526
Metz, 2010. Questions of indigeneity and the (re)- emergent Ch’orti’ Maya of Honduras. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 15, 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01087.x
Middeldorp, N., Le Billon, P., 2019. Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586
Mudde, C., 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037
Mudde, C., 2004. The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39, 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
Pratt, D., 2020. The Christchurch Mosque Massacre: Terror and Hope. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 33, 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.42944
Reicher, S., Haslam, A., Van Bavel, J.J., 2019. The road to Christchurch: A tale of two leaderships. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 48, 11–14.
Robbins, W.G., 2016. The Malheur Occupation and the Problem with History. Oregon Historical Quarterly 117, 574–603. https://doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2016.0010
Scheiber, H.N., 1982. Xenophobia and Parochialism in the History of American Legal Process: From the Jacksonian Era to the Sagebrush Rebellion. William and Mary Law Review 23, 625–662.
Stone Jr., J.R., 2022. Populism, eco-populism, and the future of environmentalism, First. ed, Routledge Research in Environmental Policy and Politics. Routledge, London & New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003264224
Tarant, Z., 2020. Is Brown the New Green? The Environmental Discourse of the Czech Far Right, in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 201–215. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-12
Taylor, B., 2019. Alt-Right Ecology: Ecofascism and far-right environmentalism in the United States, in: In Forchtner (Ed.) “The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 275–293. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-16
Thornton, P.K., Ericksen, P.J., Herrero, M., Challinor, A.J., 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global Change Biology 20, 3313–3328. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12581
Torres-Wong, M., 2019. Natural Resources, Extraction and Indigenous Rights in Latin America: Exploring the Boundaries of Environmental and State Corporate Crime in Bolivia, Peru and Mexico, First. ed, Crimes of the Powerful. Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351210249
Turner-Graham, E., 2020. “Protecting our Green and Pleasant Land”: UKIP, the BNP and a history of green ideology on Britain’s far right, in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 57–71. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-4
Veilleux-Lepage, Y., Daymon, C., Amarasingam, A., 2020. The Christchurch attack report: key takeaways on tarrant’s radicalization and attack planning (No. 1887/3249900), ICCT Perspective. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, The Hague.
Wahlström, M., Kocyba, P., De Vydt, M., de Moor, J., 2019. Protest for a future: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 15 March, 2019 in 13 European cities.
Wald, J.H., Temkin, E.H., 1982. The Sagebrush Rebellion: The West Against Itself — Again. Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 2, 187–208. https://doi.org/10.5070/L522018669
Wallis, H., Loy, L.S., 2021. What drives pro-environmental activism of young people? A survey study on the Fridays For Future movement. Journal of Environmental Psychology 74, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101581
Wiles, T., 2016. Malheur occupation, explained: The deep history behind the Bundy brothers’ takeover of a wildlife refuge in Oregon. High Country News.
Willems, J., de Jonghe, A., 2016. Protest and Violence over the Agua Zarca dam. Honduras.
Wittmer, H., Birner, R., 2005. Between Conservationism, eco-populism and developmentalism: discourses in biodiversity policy in Thailand and Indonesia (Working Paper No. 37), CAPRi Working Paper. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, United States.
Wolf, C., Sullivan, K., Berman, M., 2016. Final Oregon occupiers surrender to authorities, ending the refuge siege. The Washington Post.
Yanarella, E.J., 2015. Climate Change and Competing Schools of Eco-Political Thought. Sustainability 8, 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1089/SUS.2015.29029
Zaitz, L., 2016. Oregon Standoff Spokesman Robert ‘LaVoy’ Finicum Killed, Bundys in Custody after Shooting near Burns. The Oregonian.
Abstract
Full Text
What’s under green? Eco-populism and eco-fascism in the climate crisis
Escobar Fernández, Iván & Hart, Heidi.
The ongoing environmental crisis has prompted various groups, organizations, and political parties to develop new strategies for addressing this global challenge. In this context, eco-populist actors, organizations, and parties are playing a key role in challenging the current exploitative capitalist system. However, it is important to note that eco-populist movements can differ significantly from one another. This article aims to distinguish between two contemporary but distinct movements: eco-populism and eco-fascism. To accomplish this, the terms “populism” and “eco-populism” will be conceptualized and analyzed, and the ideological deviations that eco-populism has undergone will be explained. The article will then provide brief case studies that showcase both eco-populist and eco-fascist events. By examining these examples, we will strive to identify the main similarities and differences between these two movements. Our conclusion will be that, despite sharing some features, eco-fascist movements tend to be more violent and nativist than eco-populist movements.
References
Babbitt, B., 1982. Federalism and the Environment: An Intergovernmental Perspective of the Sagebrush Rebellion. Environmental Law 12, 847–862.
Beam, A., 2016. Oregon Standoff has Roots in Mormon Fanaticism. The Boston Globe.
Beeson, M., 2010. The coming of environmental authoritarianism. Environmental Politics 19, 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010903576918
Bell, K., 2016. Thanks to Ammon Bundy, 2-16 is Already a Banner Year for White Supremacy. Vanity Fair.
Boukala, S., Tountasaki, E., 2020. From black to green: Analysing Le Front National’s “patriotic ecology,” in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 72–88. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-5
Brick, P., 1995. Determined opposition: The Wise Use Movement challenges environmentalism. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 37, 17–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1995.9930953
Brünker, F., Deitelhoff, F., Mirbabaie, M., 2019. Collective Identity Formation on Instagram – Investigating the Social Movement Fridays for Future. Presented at the Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Perth Western Australia, pp. 304–310.
Clayton, R.D., 1980. The Sagebrush Rebellion: Who Should control the public Lands. Utah Law Review 1980, 505–534.
Crothers, C., O’Brien, T., 2020. The Contexts of the Christchurch terror attacks: social science perspectives. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 15, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1746364
de Moor, J., Uba, K., Wahlström, M., Wennerhag, M., De Vydt, M., 2020. Protest for a future II: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 20-27 September, 2019, in 19 cities around the world. Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development.
Del Bene, D., Scheidel, A., Temper, L., 2018. More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge. Sustainability Science 13, 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1
Dreher, T., 2020. Racism and media: a response from Australia during the global pandemic. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, 2363–2371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1784452
Dyett, J., Thomas, C., 2019. Overpopulation Discourse: Patriarchy, Racism, and the Specter of Ecofascism. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341514
Figueres, C., Schellnhuber, H.J., Whiteman, G., Rockström, J., Hobley, A., Rahmstorf, S., 2017. Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature 546, 593–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/546593a
Forchtner, B., Kølvraa, C., 2015. The Nature of Nationalism: Populist Radical Right Parties on Countryside and Climate. Nature and Culture 10, 199–224. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100204
Gallaher, C., 2016. Placing the Militia Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon. An International Journal for Critical Geographies 15, 293–308.
Griggs, S., Howarth, D., 2008. Populism, Localism and Environmental Politics: the Logic and Rhetoric of the Stop Stansted Expansion campaign. Planning Theory 7, 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208090431
Haggerty, J.H., 2007. ‘“I’m not a greenie but…”’: Environmentality, eco-populism and governance in New Zealand Experiences from the Southland whitebait fishery. Journal of Rural Studies 23, 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.11.002
Hughes, B., Jones, D., Amarasingam, A., 2022. Ecofascism: An Examination of the Far-Right/Ecology Nexus in the Online Space. Terrorism and Political Violence 34, 997–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2069932
Hungerford, A., 1995. Custom and culture ordinances: not wise move for the wise use movement. Tulane Environmental Law Journal 8, 457–504.
IPCC, 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Irons, C., 2018. The Patriarch and the Sovereign: The Malheur Occupations and the Hyper-Masculine Drive for Control. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 51, 479–522.
Judis, J., 2016. All the Rage. The New Republic.
Kaltwasser, C.R., 2018. How to define populism? Reflections on a contested concept and its (mis)use in the social sciences, in: Fitzi, Mackert, and Turner (Eds.) Populism and the Crisis of Democracy. Routledge, pp. 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.34
Laclau, E., 2005. On Populist Reason, First. ed. Verso, London.
León, M., 2016. Indigenous Resistance to the Agua Zarca Dam in Honduras: Hydropower Funding of State-Sponsored Repression and the Limits of International Human Rights Jurisprudence. Inter-American and European Human Rights Journal 9, 517–538.
Leshy, J.D., 1980. Unravelling the Sagebrush Rebellion: Law, Politics and Federal Lands. Davis Law Review 317.
Macklin, G., Bjørgo, T., 2021. Breivik’s Long Shadow? The Impact of the July 22, 2011 Attacks on the Modus Operandi of Extreme-right Lone Actor Terrorists. Perspectives on Terrorism 15, 14–36.
McCarthy, J., 2002. First World political ecology: lessons from the Wise Use movement. Environment and Planning 34, 1281–1303. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3526
Metz, 2010. Questions of indigeneity and the (re)- emergent Ch’orti’ Maya of Honduras. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 15, 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01087.x
Middeldorp, N., Le Billon, P., 2019. Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586
Mudde, C., 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037
Mudde, C., 2004. The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39, 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
Pratt, D., 2020. The Christchurch Mosque Massacre: Terror and Hope. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 33, 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.42944
Reicher, S., Haslam, A., Van Bavel, J.J., 2019. The road to Christchurch: A tale of two leaderships. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 48, 11–14.
Robbins, W.G., 2016. The Malheur Occupation and the Problem with History. Oregon Historical Quarterly 117, 574–603. https://doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2016.0010
Scheiber, H.N., 1982. Xenophobia and Parochialism in the History of American Legal Process: From the Jacksonian Era to the Sagebrush Rebellion. William and Mary Law Review 23, 625–662.
Stone Jr., J.R., 2022. Populism, eco-populism, and the future of environmentalism, First. ed, Routledge Research in Environmental Policy and Politics. Routledge, London & New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003264224
Tarant, Z., 2020. Is Brown the New Green? The Environmental Discourse of the Czech Far Right, in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 201–215. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-12
Taylor, B., 2019. Alt-Right Ecology: Ecofascism and far-right environmentalism in the United States, in: In Forchtner (Ed.) “The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 275–293. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-16
Thornton, P.K., Ericksen, P.J., Herrero, M., Challinor, A.J., 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global Change Biology 20, 3313–3328. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12581
Torres-Wong, M., 2019. Natural Resources, Extraction and Indigenous Rights in Latin America: Exploring the Boundaries of Environmental and State Corporate Crime in Bolivia, Peru and Mexico, First. ed, Crimes of the Powerful. Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351210249
Turner-Graham, E., 2020. “Protecting our Green and Pleasant Land”: UKIP, the BNP and a history of green ideology on Britain’s far right, in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 57–71. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-4
Veilleux-Lepage, Y., Daymon, C., Amarasingam, A., 2020. The Christchurch attack report: key takeaways on tarrant’s radicalization and attack planning (No. 1887/3249900), ICCT Perspective. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, The Hague.
Wahlström, M., Kocyba, P., De Vydt, M., de Moor, J., 2019. Protest for a future: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 15 March, 2019 in 13 European cities.
Wald, J.H., Temkin, E.H., 1982. The Sagebrush Rebellion: The West Against Itself — Again. Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 2, 187–208. https://doi.org/10.5070/L522018669
Wallis, H., Loy, L.S., 2021. What drives pro-environmental activism of young people? A survey study on the Fridays For Future movement. Journal of Environmental Psychology 74, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101581
Wiles, T., 2016. Malheur occupation, explained: The deep history behind the Bundy brothers’ takeover of a wildlife refuge in Oregon. High Country News.
Willems, J., de Jonghe, A., 2016. Protest and Violence over the Agua Zarca dam. Honduras.
Wittmer, H., Birner, R., 2005. Between Conservationism, eco-populism and developmentalism: discourses in biodiversity policy in Thailand and Indonesia (Working Paper No. 37), CAPRi Working Paper. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, United States.
Wolf, C., Sullivan, K., Berman, M., 2016. Final Oregon occupiers surrender to authorities, ending the refuge siege. The Washington Post.
Yanarella, E.J., 2015. Climate Change and Competing Schools of Eco-Political Thought. Sustainability 8, 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1089/SUS.2015.29029
Zaitz, L., 2016. Oregon Standoff Spokesman Robert ‘LaVoy’ Finicum Killed, Bundys in Custody after Shooting near Burns. The Oregonian.
Abstract
Full Text
What’s under green? Eco-populism and eco-fascism in the climate crisis
Escobar Fernández, Iván & Hart, Heidi.
The ongoing environmental crisis has prompted various groups, organizations, and political parties to develop new strategies for addressing this global challenge. In this context, eco-populist actors, organizations, and parties are playing a key role in challenging the current exploitative capitalist system. However, it is important to note that eco-populist movements can differ significantly from one another. This article aims to distinguish between two contemporary but distinct movements: eco-populism and eco-fascism. To accomplish this, the terms “populism” and “eco-populism” will be conceptualized and analyzed, and the ideological deviations that eco-populism has undergone will be explained. The article will then provide brief case studies that showcase both eco-populist and eco-fascist events. By examining these examples, we will strive to identify the main similarities and differences between these two movements. Our conclusion will be that, despite sharing some features, eco-fascist movements tend to be more violent and nativist than eco-populist movements.
References
Babbitt, B., 1982. Federalism and the Environment: An Intergovernmental Perspective of the Sagebrush Rebellion. Environmental Law 12, 847–862.
Beam, A., 2016. Oregon Standoff has Roots in Mormon Fanaticism. The Boston Globe.
Beeson, M., 2010. The coming of environmental authoritarianism. Environmental Politics 19, 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010903576918
Bell, K., 2016. Thanks to Ammon Bundy, 2-16 is Already a Banner Year for White Supremacy. Vanity Fair.
Boukala, S., Tountasaki, E., 2020. From black to green: Analysing Le Front National’s “patriotic ecology,” in: In Bernhard Forchtner (Eds.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse, and Communication, Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, London & New York, pp. 72–88. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351104043-5
Brick, P., 1995. Determined opposition: The Wise Use Movement challenges environmentalism. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 37, 17–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1995.9930953
Brünker, F., Deitelhoff, F., Mirbabaie, M., 2019. Collective Identity Formation on Instagram – Investigating the Social Movement Fridays for Future. Presented at the Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Perth Western Australia, pp. 304–310.
Clayton, R.D., 1980. The Sagebrush Rebellion: Who Should control the public Lands. Utah Law Review 1980, 505–534.
Crothers, C., O’Brien, T., 2020. The Contexts of the Christchurch terror attacks: social science perspectives. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 15, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1746364
de Moor, J., Uba, K., Wahlström, M., Wennerhag, M., De Vydt, M., 2020. Protest for a future II: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 20-27 September, 2019, in 19 cities around the world. Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development.
Del Bene, D., Scheidel, A., Temper, L., 2018. More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge. Sustainability Science 13, 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1
Dreher, T., 2020. Racism and media: a response from Australia during the global pandemic. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, 2363–2371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1784452
Dyett, J., Thomas, C., 2019. Overpopulation Discourse: Patriarchy, Racism, and the Specter of Ecofascism. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341514
Figueres, C., Schellnhuber, H.J., Whiteman, G., Rockström, J., Hobley, A., Rahmstorf, S., 2017. Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature 546, 593–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/546593a
Forchtner, B., Kølvraa, C., 2015. The Nature of Nationalism: Populist Radical Right Parties on Countryside and Climate. Nature and Culture 10, 199–224. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100204
Gallaher, C., 2016. Placing the Militia Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon. An International Journal for Critical Geographies 15, 293–308.
Griggs, S., Howarth, D., 2008. Populism, Localism and Environmental Politics: the Logic and Rhetoric of the Stop Stansted Expansion campaign. Planning Theory 7, 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208090431
Haggerty, J.H., 2007. ‘“I’m not a greenie but…”’: Environmentality, eco-populism and governance in New Zealand Experiences from the Southland whitebait fishery. Journal of Rural Studies 23, 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.11.002
Hughes, B., Jones, D., Amarasingam, A., 2022. Ecofascism: An Examination of the Far-Right/Ecology Nexus in the Online Space. Terrorism and Political Violence 34, 997–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2069932
Hungerford, A., 1995. Custom and culture ordinances: not wise move for the wise use movement. Tulane Environmental Law Journal 8, 457–504.
IPCC, 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Irons, C., 2018. The Patriarch and the Sovereign: The Malheur Occupations and the Hyper-Masculine Drive for Control. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 51, 479–522.
Judis, J., 2016. All the Rage. The New Republic.
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